Publications by authors named "Johannes Quaas"

Article Synopsis
  • Forests impact climate by regulating water and heat, which influences cloud formation and water cycles, especially in the context of deforestation or afforestation.
  • Evidence shows that deforestation leads to fewer low-level and high-level clouds, as demonstrated by simulations and observations that highlight changes in surface heat flux affecting uplift and moisture.
  • The reduction in cloud cover from deforestation results in a warmer climate, counteracting some cooling from increased surface albedo, and findings from different methods show significant discrepancies that indicate a need for further research.
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Surface air temperature (SAT) is a key indicator of climate change. Variations in cloud cover affect SAT by interacting with radiation. During daytime, clouds tend to cool the surface by blocking sunlight, while nighttime clouds warm the surface by trapping longwave radiation.

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The climate effects of atmospheric aerosol particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) depend on chemical composition and hygroscopicity, which are highly variable on spatial and temporal scales. Here we present global CCN measurements, covering diverse environments from pristine to highly polluted conditions. We show that the effective aerosol hygroscopicity, κ, can be derived accurately from the fine aerosol mass fractions of organic particulate matter (ϵ) and inorganic ions (ϵ) through a linear combination, κ = ϵ ⋅ κ + ϵ ⋅ κ.

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One major source of uncertainty in the cloud-mediated aerosol forcing arises from the magnitude of the cloud liquid water path (LWP) adjustment to aerosol-cloud interactions, which is poorly constrained by observations. Many of the recent satellite-based studies have observed a decreasing LWP as a function of cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) as the dominating behavior. Estimating the LWP response to the CDNC changes is a complex task since various confounding factors need to be isolated.

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Article Synopsis
  • The data descriptor covers key scientific insights from General Circulation Models (GCMs) used in the Precipitation Driver and Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP), focusing on climate responses to changes in greenhouse gases, aerosols, and solar radiation.
  • It provides global and annual mean results from a wide range of coupled atmospheric-ocean GCM simulations, emphasizing the importance of single idealized perturbations to understand climate behavior better.
  • The dataset is designed to be user-friendly, offering an accessible way to extract files, and is expected to support research on complex GCMs and Earth System Models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project.
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Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACIs) are considered to be the most uncertain driver of present-day radiative forcing due to human activities. The nonlinearity of cloud-state changes to aerosol perturbations make it challenging to attribute causality in observed relationships of aerosol radiative forcing. Using correlations to infer causality can be challenging when meteorological variability also drives both aerosol and cloud changes independently.

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Satellite-based estimates of radiative forcing by aerosol-cloud interactions (RF) are consistently smaller than those from global models, hampering accurate projections of future climate change. Here we show that the discrepancy can be substantially reduced by correcting sampling biases induced by inherent limitations of satellite measurements, which tend to artificially discard the clouds with high cloud fraction. Those missed clouds exert a stronger cooling effect, and are more sensitive to aerosol perturbations.

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Global climate models (GCMs) disagree with other lines of evidence on the rapid adjustments of cloud cover and liquid water path to anthropogenic aerosols. Attempts to use observations to constrain the parameterizations of cloud processes in GCMs have failed to reduce the disagreement. We propose using observations sensitive to the relevant cloud processes rather than only to the atmospheric state and focusing on process realism in the absence of aerosol perturbations in addition to the process susceptibility to aerosols.

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An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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An Amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Anthropogenic aerosol emissions lead to an increase in the amount of cloud condensation nuclei and consequently an increase in cloud droplet number concentration and cloud albedo. The corresponding negative radiative forcing due to aerosol cloud interactions (RF[Formula: see text]) is one of the most uncertain radiative forcing terms as reported in the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Here we show that previous observation-based studies underestimate aerosol-cloud interactions because they used measurements of aerosol optical properties that are not directly related to cloud formation and are hampered by measurement uncertainties.

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The cooling of the Earth's climate through the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds offsets an unknown fraction of greenhouse gas warming. An increase in the amount of water inside liquid-phase clouds induced by aerosols, through the suppression of rain formation, has been postulated to lead to substantial cooling, which would imply that the Earth's surface temperature is highly sensitive to anthropogenic forcing. Here we provide direct observational evidence that, instead of a strong increase, aerosols cause a relatively weak average decrease in the amount of water in liquid-phase clouds compared with unpolluted clouds.

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The profound changes in global SO emissions over the last decades have affected atmospheric composition on a regional and global scale with large impact on air quality, atmospheric deposition and the radiative forcing of sulfate aerosols. Reproduction of historical atmospheric pollution levels based on global aerosol models and emission changes is crucial to prove that such models are able to predict future scenarios. Here, we analyze consistency of trends in observations of sulfur components in air and precipitation from major regional networks and estimates from six different global aerosol models from 1990 until 2015.

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Article Synopsis
  • The cloud droplet number concentration (N) is crucial for understanding cloud physics and aerosol-cloud interactions, but current satellite methods to retrieve N are limited and uncertain.
  • A review highlights a total relative uncertainty of 78% in pixel-level retrievals for specific cloud types, which decreases to 54% for larger area averages, but accuracy against in situ observations is better than indicated by retrievals.
  • Dominant errors in retrieving N stem from inaccuracies in cloud droplet effective radius (r), and improving these retrievals is essential; the review also suggests recommendations and explores new methods for better N estimates using both satellite and ground-based data.
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This study examines the relationships between marine stratocumulus clouds (MSC) coupling state with the ocean surface, their precipitation rate and fractional cloud cover (CF). This was possible by developing a novel methodology for satellite retrieval of the clouds coupling state. Decks of overcast MSC were reported in previous studies to break up often as their precipitation rate increases significantly, thus reducing CF and cloud radiative effect substantially.

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Much of the uncertainty in estimates of the anthropogenic forcing of climate change comes from uncertainties in the instantaneous effect of aerosols on cloud albedo, known as the Twomey effect or the radiative forcing from aerosol-cloud interactions (RFaci), a component of the total or effective radiative forcing. Because aerosols serving as cloud condensation nuclei can have a strong influence on the cloud droplet number concentration ( ), previous studies have used the sensitivity of the to aerosol properties as a constraint on the strength of the RFaci. However, recent studies have suggested that relationships between aerosol and cloud properties in the present-day climate may not be suitable for determining the sensitivity of the to anthropogenic aerosol perturbations.

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Anthropogenic aerosol particles exert an-quantitatively very uncertain-effective radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interactions via an immediate altering of cloud albedo on the one hand and via rapid adjustments by alteration of cloud processes and by changes in thermodynamic profiles on the other hand. Large variability in cloud cover and properties and the therefore low signal-to-noise ratio for aerosol-induced perturbations hamper the identification of effects in observations. Six approaches are discussed as a means to isolate the impact of anthropogenic aerosol on clouds from natural cloud variability to estimate or constrain the effective forcing.

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