Clinical Issue: Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases include a heterogeneous group of diseases of the lung parenchyma, the alveolar spaces, the vessels and the airways, which can be triggered by various pathomechanisms, such as inflammation and fibrotic changes. Since the therapeutic approaches and prognoses differ significantly between the diseases, the correct diagnosis is of fundamental importance. In routine clinical practice, next to the patients' history, the clinical presentation, the laboratory findings and the bronchoscopy, imaging plays a central role in establishing a diagnosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFModification of kraft lignin (KL), traditionally uses harsh and energy-demanding physical and chemical processes. In this study, the potential of the bacterial laccase CotA (spore coating protein A) for oxidation of KL under mild conditions was assessed. Thereby, the efficiency of CotA to oxidize both softwood and hardwood KL of varying purity at alkaline conditions was examined.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: Adult brainstem gliomas (BSGs) are rare central nervous system tumours characterized by a highly heterogeneous clinical course. Median survival times range from 11 to 84 months. Beyond surgery, no treatment standard has been established.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Dual human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) blockade with trastuzumab and pertuzumab (TP) is a standard therapy of metastatic and localized HER2-positive breast cancer (BC), but its activity in breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) is unknown.
Methods: Patients with HER2-positive BCBM were identified from the Vienna Brain Metastasis Registry and clinical data including patient characteristics, therapies and overall survival (OS) were obtained. Patients were grouped into 'TP', 'other-HER2-targeted therapy' and 'no-HER2-targeted therapy' according to received first-line systemic therapy after diagnosis of BCBM.
Background: Extent of resection (EOR) constitutes a crucial factor for patient prognosis in surgery of brain metastases (BMs). According to early studies using postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an unexpected residual tumor was not uncommon. Knowledge of potential risk factors for incomplete BM resection would be of major importance to optimize surgical strategies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTemporal muscle thickness (TMT) was investigated as a novel surrogate marker on MRI examinations of the brain, to detect patients who may be at risk for sarcopenia. TMT was analyzed in a retrospective, normal collective cohort ( = 624), to establish standard reference values. These reference values were correlated with grip strength measurements and body mass index (BMI) in 422 healthy volunteers and validated in a prospective cohort ( = 130) of patients with various neurological disorders.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFArabidopsis PIN2 protein directs transport of the phytohormone auxin from the root tip into the root elongation zone. Variation in hormone transport, which depends on a delicate interplay between PIN2 sorting to and from polar plasma membrane domains, determines root growth. By employing a constitutively degraded version of PIN2, we identify brassinolides as antagonists of PIN2 endocytosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjectives: This study aimed to assess the correlation of temporal muscle thickness (TMT), measured on routine cranial magnetic resonance (MR) images, with lumbar skeletal muscles obtained on computed tomography (CT) images in brain metastasis patients to establish a new parameter estimating skeletal muscle mass on brain MR images.
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the cross-sectional area (CSA) of skeletal muscles at the level of the third lumbar vertebra on computed tomography scans and correlated these values with TMT on MR images of the brain in two independent cohorts of 93 lung cancer and 61 melanoma patients (overall: 154 patients) with brain metastases.
Results: Pearson correlation revealed a strong association between mean TMT and CSA in lung cancer and melanoma patients with brain metastases (0.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic relevance of temporal muscle thickness (TMT) in melanoma patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases.
Methods: TMT was retrospectively assessed in 146 melanoma patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases on cranial magnetic resonance images. Chart review was used to retrieve clinical parameters, including disease-specific graded prognostic assessment (DS-GPA) and survival times.
What is the central question of this study? Knockdown of UCP2 reduces mitochondrial Ca uptake. This suggests that Ucp2 knockout mice need to have additional effects on cytosolic Ca handling to prevent Ca overload. However, the specific mechanisms and their impact on cardiac electrophysiology remain speculative.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDirectional transport of auxin is essential for plant development, with PIN auxin transport proteins representing an integral part of the machinery that controls hormone distribution. However, unlike the rapidly emerging framework of molecular determinants regulating PIN protein abundance and subcellular localization, insights into mechanisms controlling PIN transcription are still limited. Here we describe PIN2 PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN 1 (PPP1), an evolutionary conserved plant-specific DNA binding protein that acts on transcription of PIN genes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIntroduction: The possible role of UCP2 in modulating mitochondrial Ca2+-uptake (mCa2+-uptake) via the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) is highly controversial.
Methods: Thus, we analyzed mCa2+-uptake in isolated cardiac mitochondria, MCU single-channel activity in cardiac mitoplasts, dual Ca2+-transients from mitochondrial ((Ca2+)m) and intracellular compartment ((Ca2+)c) in the whole-cell configuration in cardiomyocytes of wild-type (WT) and UCP2-/- mice.
Results: Isolated mitochondria showed a Ru360 sensitive mCa2+-uptake, which was significantly decreased in UCP2-/- (229.
Polar transport of the phytohormone auxin throughout plants shapes morphogenesis and is subject to stringent and specific control. Here, we identify basic cellular activities connected to translational control of gene expression as sufficient to specify auxin-mediated development. Mutants in subunits of Arabidopsis Elongator, a protein complex modulating translational efficiency via maturation of tRNAs, exhibit defects in auxin-controlled developmental processes, associated with reduced abundance of PIN-formed (PIN) auxin transport proteins.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFReversible, covalent modification by the small protein ubiquitin acts in a variety of pathways controlling protein fate in virtually all aspects of cellular function. For example, ubiquitylation of plasma membrane proteins modulates their intracellular sorting and turnover, thereby decisively influencing crosstalk between cells and their environment. In recent years, experimental work performed with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana demonstrated ubiquitylation of a number of plasma membrane proteins, including the auxin efflux carrier protein PIN2.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe problem of how life began can be considered as a matter of basic chemistry. How did the molecules of life arise from non-biological chemistry? Stanley Miller's famous experiment in 1953, in which he produced amino acids under simulated early Earth conditions, was a huge leap forward in our understanding of this problem. Our research first simulated early Earth conditions based on Miller's experiment and we then repeated the experiment using Titan post-impact conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPlant tropisms are decisively influenced by dynamic adjustments in spatiotemporal distribution of the growth regulators auxin. Polar auxin transport requires activity of PIN-type auxin carrier proteins, with their distribution at the plasma membrane significantly contributing to the directionality of auxin flow. Control of PIN protein distribution involves regulation of their endocytosis and further sorting into the lytic vacuole for degradation and recently, protein ubiquitylation has been demonstrated to control degradative sorting of plasma membrane proteins in plants.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCross-talk between plant cells and their surroundings requires tight regulation of information exchange at the plasma membrane (PM), which involves dynamic adjustments of PM protein localization and turnover to modulate signal perception and solute transport at the interface between cells and their surroundings. In animals and fungi, turnover of PM proteins is controlled by reversible ubiquitylation, which signals endocytosis and delivery to the cell's lytic compartment, and there is emerging evidence for related mechanisms in plants. Here, we describe the fate of Arabidopsis PIN2 protein, required for directional cellular efflux of the phytohormone auxin, and identify cis- and trans-acting mediators of PIN2 ubiquitylation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGrowth and development are coordinated by an array of intercellular communications. Known plant signaling molecules include phytohormones and hormone peptides. Although both classes can be implicated in the same developmental processes, little is known about the interplay between phytohormone action and peptide signaling within the cellular microenvironment.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA radiative convective model to calculate the width and the location of the life supporting zone (LSZ) for different, alternative solvents (i.e. other than water) is presented.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCell polarity reflected by asymmetric distribution of proteins at the plasma membrane is a fundamental feature of unicellular and multicellular organisms. It remains conceptually unclear how cell polarity is kept in cell wall-encapsulated plant cells. We have used super-resolution and semi-quantitative live-cell imaging in combination with pharmacological, genetic, and computational approaches to reveal insights into the mechanism of cell polarity maintenance in Arabidopsis thaliana.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
November 2008
All eukaryotic cells present at the cell surface a specific set of plasma membrane proteins that modulate responses to internal and external cues and whose activity is also regulated by protein degradation. We characterized the lytic vacuole-dependent degradation of membrane proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana by means of in vivo visualization of vacuolar targeting combined with quantitative protein analysis. We show that the vacuolar targeting pathway is used by multiple cargos including PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers for the phytohormone auxin.
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