Long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in children born after vacuum-assisted delivery compared with second-stage caesarean delivery and spontaneous vaginal delivery: a cohort study.

Objective: To evaluate long-term neurodevelopment in children born after low-or mid-station vacuum-assisted delivery (VAD) compared with children delivered by second-stage caesarean delivery (SSCD) or spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD).

Design: Cross-sectional cohort study.

Setting: Two delivery wards, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden.