Multiplex Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, and Erythromycin Resistance Determinants from Human and Foodborne and .

and are the predominant thermophilic species responsible for foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Elevated resistance to certain antibiotics was observed due to antimicrobial therapy in farm animals and humans, while reduced antimicrobial usage partially reduced antibiotic resistance. Monitoring the antimicrobial resistance demonstrated a substantial fraction of multi-resistant isolates, indicating the necessity of reliable tools for their detection.