Risk factors for mortality in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome after the Norwood procedure.

Objectives: Several studies have reported mortality risk factors associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). However, these data are ambiguous and mainly focused on the independent effects of these factors. We examined both the independent and the cumulative effects of preoperative risk factors for poor outcome in patients undergoing the Norwood procedure.

Maternal first trimester metabolic profile in pregnancies with transposition of the great arteries.

Background: Higher maternal body mass index (BMI) and abnormal glucose metabolism during early pregnancy are associated with congenital heart defects in the offspring, but the exact mechanisms are unknown.

Methods: We evaluated the association between maternal first trimester metabolic profile and transposition of the great arteries (TGA) in the offspring in a matched case-control study with 100 TGA mothers and 200 controls born in Finland during 2004-2014. Cases and controls were matched by birth year, child sex, and maternal age and BMI.