Towards a digital twin of primary drying in lyophilization using coupled 3-D equipment CFD and 1-D vial-scale simulations.

A digital twin of lyophilization units was developed to facilitate the scale-up of the lyophilization process from the laboratory to the commercial scale. Our focus was on ensuring successful technology transfer for manufacture of high-quality drug products. Traditionally, lyophilization models have been specific either to the equipment or to the vial.