Efficacy of a loading dose of IV salbutamol in children with severe acute asthma admitted to a PICU: a randomized controlled trial.

Unlabelled: The optimal dose regimen for intravenous (IV) treatment in children with severe acute asthma (SAA) is still a matter of debate. We assessed the efficacy of adding a salbutamol loading dose to continuous infusion with salbutamol in children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with SAA. This multicentre, placebo-controlled randomized trial in the PICUs of four tertiary care children's hospitals included children (2-18 years) with SAA admitted between 2017 and 2019.

Associations of physical condition with lung function and asthma in adolescents from the general population.

Background: The relation of physical condition with respiratory outcomes in adolescents is unclear. We examined the hypothesis that adolescents with a lower physical condition represented by a lower cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity, and a higher screen time have a lower lung function and higher risk of asthma.

Methods: In a population-based prospective cohort study on 4854 children aged 13 years, we assessed cardiorespiratory fitness by using the peak work rate measured by the steep ramp test.

Early-life respiratory tract infections and the risk of school-age lower lung function and asthma: a meta-analysis of 150 000 European children.

Background: Early-life respiratory tract infections might affect chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, but conclusive studies from general populations are lacking. Our objective was to examine if children with early-life respiratory tract infections had increased risks of lower lung function and asthma at school age.

Methods: We used individual participant data of 150 090 children primarily from the EU Child Cohort Network to examine the associations of upper and lower respiratory tract infections from age 6 months to 5 years with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV/FVC, forced expiratory flow at 75% of FVC (FEF) and asthma at a median (range) age of 7 (4-15) years.

Childhood asthma: pathogenesis and phenotypes.

In the pathogenesis of asthma in children there is a pivotal role for a type 2 inflammatory response to early life exposures or events. Interactions between infections, atopy, genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures (such as farmyard environment, air pollution and tobacco smoke exposure) influence the development of wheezing illness and the risk of progression to asthma. The immune system, lung function and the microbiome in gut and airways develop in parallel, and dysbiosis of the microbiome may be a critical factor in asthma development.

Maternal diet in pregnancy and child's respiratory outcomes: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 18 000 children.

Rationale: Severe fetal malnutrition has been related to an increased risk of respiratory diseases later in life, but evidence for the association of a suboptimal diet during pregnancy with respiratory outcomes in childhood is conflicting. We aimed to examine whether a pro-inflammatory or low-quality maternal diet during pregnancy was associated with child's respiratory health.

Methods: We performed an individual participant meta-analysis among 18 326 mother-child pairs from seven European birth cohorts.

A population-based study on associations of stool microbiota with atopic diseases in school-age children.

Background: Infants with less diverse gut microbiota seem to have higher risks of atopic diseases in early life, but any associations at school age are unclear.

Objectives: This study sought to examine the associations of diversity, relative abundance, and functional pathways of stool microbiota with atopic diseases in school-age children.

Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study within an existing population-based prospective cohort among 1440 children 10 years of age.

Association between nasal and nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization in early life and eczema phenotypes.

Background: An association has been reported between early life Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and higher risk of childhood eczema, but it is unclear whether this relationship is causal and associations with other bacterial species are unclear.

Objective: To examine the associations of early life nasal and nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage with eczema phenotypes, and the direction of any associations identified.

Methods: Among 996 subjects of a population-based prospective cohort study, nasal swabs for Staphylococcus  aureus, and nasopharyngeal swabs for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae were collected and cultured from age 6 weeks to 6 years.

Cardio-metabolic risk factors during childhood in relation to lung function and asthma.

Background: Cardio-metabolic risk factors might have an adverse effect on respiratory outcomes, but associations in children are unknown. We aimed to study the longitudinal associations of cardio-metabolic risk factors with lung function and asthma at school age. We also examined whether any association was explained by child's body mass index (BMI).

Increased Th22 cell numbers in a general pediatric population with filaggrin haploinsufficiency: The Generation R Study.

Background: Mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) affect epidermal barrier function and increase the risk of atopic dermatitis (AD). We hypothesized that FLG mutations affect immune cell composition in a general pediatric population. Therefore, we investigated whether school-aged children with and without FLG mutations have differences in T- and B-cell subsets.

Parental psychological distress during pregnancy and the risk of childhood lower lung function and asthma: a population-based prospective cohort study.

Background: Although maternal psychological distress during pregnancy is associated with increased risks of respiratory morbidity in preschool children, it is unknown whether this association persists into later childhood.

Objective: To examine the association between parental psychological distress during pregnancy and lung function and asthma in children of school age.

Methods: This study of 4231 children was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort.

Associations of Plasma Fatty Acid Patterns during Pregnancy with Respiratory and Allergy Outcomes at School Age.

Fatty acids might play a role in asthma and allergy development as they can modulate immune responses. We examined among 4260 mother-child pairs participating in a population-based cohort the associations of maternal plasma fatty acid patterns during pregnancy with a child's respiratory and allergy outcomes at school-age. In mid-pregnancy, 22 individual fatty acids were measured from maternal blood.

Risk factors for intensive care admission in children with severe acute asthma in the Netherlands: a prospective multicentre study.

Rationale: Severe acute asthma (SAA) can be fatal, but is often preventable. We previously observed in a retrospective cohort study, a three-fold increase in SAA paediatric intensive care (PICU) admissions between 2003 and 2013 in the Netherlands, with a significant increase during those years of numbers of children without treatment of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS).

Objectives: To determine whether steroid-naïve children are at higher risk of PICU admission among those hospitalised for SAA.

Quality of life and psychosocial outcomes in children with severe acute asthma and their parents.

Objectives: To prospectively evaluate quality of life (QoL) and psychosocial outcomes in children with severe acute asthma (SAA) after pediatric intensive care (PICU) admission compared to children with SAA who were admitted to a general ward (GW). In addition, we assessed post-traumatic stress (PTS) and asthma-related QoL in the parents.

Methods: A preplanned follow-up of 3-9 months of our nationwide prospective multicenter study, in which children with SAA admitted to a Dutch PICU (n=110) or GW (n=111) were enrolled between 2016-2018.

Correction: Pharmacogenomic associations of adverse drug reactions in asthma: systematic review and research prioritization.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

during pregnancy and childhood asthma-related morbidity: a population-based prospective cohort.

Introduction: is the most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease and although infection during pregnancy is associated with neonatal complications, long-term respiratory consequences are unknown. We aimed to determine whether infection during pregnancy is associated with asthma-related symptoms across childhood METHODS: This study among 2475 children and their mothers was embedded in a population-based prospective cohort study. Maternal urine samples were tested for infection during pregnancy.

Airway bacterial carriage and childhood respiratory health: A population-based prospective cohort study.

Background: Airway bacterial carriage might play a role in respiratory disease. We hypothesize that nasal carriage with Staphylococcus aureus or nasopharyngeal carriage with Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae predisposes individuals to adverse respiratory health.

Objective: To examine the association of early-life airway bacterial carriage with respiratory tract infections and vice versa, and of early-life airway bacterial carriage with wheezing, lung function, and asthma in later childhood.

Sociodemographic factors, current asthma and lung function in an urban child population.

Background: We aimed to assess which sociodemographic factors are associated with current asthma and indicators of lung function in 10-year-old children.

Methods: We analysed data of 5237 children (Mean age: 9.7, SD: 0.

Timing- and Dose-Specific Associations of Prenatal Smoke Exposure With Newborn DNA Methylation.

Introduction: Fetal changes in DNA methylation may underlie associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy with adverse outcomes in children. We examined critical periods and doses of maternal smoking during pregnancy in relation to newborn DNA methylation, and associations of paternal smoking with newborn DNA methylation.

Aims And Methods: This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onwards.

Eczema phenotypes and risk of allergic and respiratory conditions in school age children.

Background: Eczema phenotypes based on eczema onset and persistence might better identify groups prone to allergic and respiratory conditions than a binary definition of eczema. We examined the associations of childhood eczema phenotypes with allergic sensitization, allergy, asthma and lung function at school age.

Methods: This study among 4277 children was embedded in a multi-ethnic population-based prospective cohort study.

The influence of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus on childhood respiratory health: A population-based prospective cohort study.

Background: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection are common in early childhood. CMV infection favours a T-helper-1 and EBV infection a T-helper-2 cell response, possibly leading to disbalanced T-helper cell response, and subsequent risk of asthma or atopy.

Objective: To study the associations of EBV and CMV with lung function, asthma and inhalant allergic sensitization at school age.

Pharmacogenomic associations of adverse drug reactions in asthma: systematic review and research prioritisation.

A systematic review of pharmacogenomic studies capturing adverse drug reactions (ADRs) related to asthma medications was undertaken, and a survey of Pharmacogenomics in Childhood Asthma (PiCA) consortia members was conducted. Studies were eligible if genetic polymorphisms were compared with suspected ADR(s) in a patient with asthma, as either a primary or secondary outcome. Five studies met the inclusion criteria.

Hair cortisol and inhaled corticosteroid use in asthmatic children.

Background: Adrenal suppression is a side effect of long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) measurement is a noninvasive tool for measuring adrenal function that may be useful for asthmatic patients who are on long-term ICS treatment. The aim of this study was to compare HCC between children with and without asthma and to explore the association between HCC and ICS dose in asthmatic children.

Exploratory Study of Signals for Asthma Drugs in Children, Using the EudraVigilance Database of Spontaneous Reports.

Introduction: As asthma medications are frequently prescribed for children, knowledge of the safety of these drugs in the paediatric population is important. Although spontaneous reports cannot be used to prove causality of adverse events, they are important in the detection of safety signals.

Objective: Our objective was to provide an overview of adverse drug events associated with asthma medications in children from a spontaneous reports database and to identify new signals.

General and Organ Fat Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Respiratory Outcomes in Childhood.

Obesity has been implicated as a pathogenic factor in asthma, but the underlying role of general and organ fat is unclear. We hypothesized that organ fat, rather than the total fat mass, increases the risk of asthma. In a population-based prospective cohort study among 5,421 children aged 10 years, we measured general fat including body mass index and fat mass index by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and organ fat including subcutaneous fat index, visceral fat index, pericardial fat index, and liver fat fraction by magnetic resonance imaging.

Parental and child factors associated with inhalant and food allergy in a population-based prospective cohort study: the Generation R Study.

The prevalence of allergic diseases in children is markedly increasing to epidemic proportions. The aim of this study is to describe the presence and examine associated parental and child characteristics of allergic sensitization and physician-diagnosed allergy in Dutch children at age 10 years. This study among 5471 children was performed in a population-based prospective cohort from fetal life onwards.