Examination of links between herpes zoster incidence and childhood varicella vaccination.

Background: Introduction of a universal varicella vaccine program for U.S. children in 1996 sparked concern that less-frequent exposure to varicella would decrease external boosting of immunity to varicella zoster virus and thereby increase incidence of herpes zoster (HZ).

Sex and age correlates of Chlamydia prevalence in adolescents and adults entering correctional facilities, 2005: implications for screening policy.

Objectives: To evaluate sex and age correlates of chlamydia prevalence in incarcerated populations.

Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of chlamydia prevalence by demographic characteristics from incarcerated females and males entering selected juvenile and adult correctional facilities (jails) in the United States in 2005.

Results: A total of 97,681 and 52,485 incarcerated persons aged >/=12 years were screened for chlamydia in 141 juvenile and 22 adult correctional facilities, respectively.

Estimates of Chlamydia trachomatis infections among men: United States.

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections among men in the United States.

Study Design: Data from the notifiable disease case surveillance system, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (AddHealth), the National Job Training Program, the Men Having Sex with Men (MSM) Prevalence Monitoring Project, and adult and juvenile corrections facilities were used to summarize national chlamydia case and prevalence rates. Data were stratified by age and race/ethnicity.

Factors associated with recurrent chlamydial infection and failure to return for retesting in young women entering national job training program, 1998--2005.

Objectives: To evaluate factors associated with recurrent chlamydial infection and failure to return for retesting in socioeconomically disadvantaged women (aged 16-24 years) entering the National Job Training Program, 1998--2005.

Goal: To evaluate sociodemographic characteristics of young women associated with recurrent chlamydial infection.

Study Design: We computed chlamydia prevalence at initial visit and recurrent infection (defined as a positive chlamydia test 1-2 months after completing treatment) and percent of infected women who were retested by sociodemographic variables.

Prevalence of Chlamydia in young men in the United States from newly implemented universal screening in a national job training program.

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine chlamydia prevalence and its risk factors from the first universal screening in socioeconomically disadvantaged young men.

Goal: The goal of this study was to evaluate the need for universal screening in young men.

Study Design: We calculated chlamydia prevalence by demographic and geographic characteristics from 51,478 men aged 16 to 24 years who were screened from July 2003 to December 2004.

Prevalence trends in chlamydial infections among young women entering the national job training program, 1998-2004.

Objectives: To assess the trends and risk factors of chlamydial infections in disadvantaged women aged 16 to 24 years entering a national job training program.

Goal: To assess the impact of chlamydia screening program on chlamydia trend.

Study Design: The authors calculated the prevalence of chlamydia by demographic and geographic characteristics from 106,377 women who were screened from 1998 through 2004.

Sexually transmitted diseases in incarcerated adolescents.

Purpose Of Review: The objectives of this review are to summarize recent developments in the epidemiology of sexually transmitted disease in incarcerated adolescents and to review screening and treatment recommendations for sexually transmitted disease in juvenile corrections facilities.

Recent Findings: The introduction of non-invasive, urine-based nucleic acid-amplification tests for chlamydia and gonorrhea has led to a dramatic increase in the ability to screen for chlamydia and gonorrhea in non-traditional settings, including corrections facilities. The prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea has been uniformly high in incarcerated adolescents.

Changing patterns in sexually transmitted disease syndromes in Kenya after the introduction of a syndromic management program.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate patterns in sexually transmitted disease (STD) syndromes after the introduction of an STD syndromic management program.

Study: We used the HIV sentinel surveillance in patients with STDs (1990-2001) to compute the proportions of STD syndromes (as a proportion of all patients with STDs) before and after the introduction of the syndromic management program.

Results: A decline in the proportion of genital ulcer disease (GUD), urethral discharge (UD), and vaginal discharge (VD) was observed from the baseline (1990-1994) to the year 2000 (P <0.

High rates of sexually transmitted diseases among male transvestites in Jakarta, Indonesia.

Many male transvestites (waria) in Jakarta, Indonesia engage in unprotected receptive anal and oral intercourse with homosexual and bisexual men for pay. Although this behaviour clearly puts them at risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV infection, little is known about the prevalence of STD among them. To learn the STD prevalence and its risk factors, we conducted an STD prevalence survey among waria in North Jakarta, Indonesia.

Differential of HIV prevalence in women and men who attended sexually transmitted disease clinics at HIV sentinel surveillance sites in Kenya, 1990-2001.

Several studies in sub-Saharan Africa have reported that HIV prevalence in young women is higher than in young men. We used data from Kenya HIV sentinel surveillance conducted from 1990 to 2001 among sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients (15-49 years old) to investigate consistency of gender differentials over time and their risk factors. Of the 15,889 STD patients, the HIV prevalence ranged from 16.

High rate of bacterial vaginosis among women with intrauterine devices in Manado, Indonesia.

Recent research reported that bacterial vaginosis (BV) might enhance the acquisition and transmission of HIV. BV is also associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, a disease also associated with intrauterine device (IUD) insertion. To measure the magnitude of this problem, we conducted a prevalence survey of BV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs; defined as current infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and/or Trichomonas vaginalis) among all patients attending a family planning clinic in Manado from May to July 1999.

Clinical manifestations of early syphilis by HIV status and gender: results of the syphilis and HIV study.

Background: Despite reports of unusual clinical presentations and therapeutic responses among HIV-infected patients with syphilis, syphilis has not been regarded as a serious opportunistic infection that predictably progresses among most HIV-coinfected patients.

Goal: To define and describe differences in the presentation and response to treatment of early syphilis among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients, to describe any differences by gender, and to determine if clinical presentation of central nervous system involvement predicted serologic failure.

Design: A prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of enhanced versus standard therapy to compare the benefit of enhanced therapy, the clinical importance of central nervous system involvement, and the clinical manifestations of early syphilis infection among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected patients.

Determinants of condom use in female sex workers in Surabaya, Indonesia.

In the developing world condom use among sex workers and their clients plays a dominant role in the transmission of HIV/STD. In Surabaya, Indonesia, data from the 1993 STD prevalence survey in female sex workers (brothels, street, massage parlours, barber shops, call-girl houses, and nightclubs) reveal that only 5% (33/692) of the brothel workers and 14% (25/177) of the street walkers had condoms in their possession at the time of the interview. During the last paid sexual intercourse, sex workers from the brothels, streets, and nightclubs used condoms infrequently (14%, 20%, and 25%, respectively).

Bacterial vaginosis: review of treatment options and potential clinical indications for therapy.

We reviewed data on the treatment of bacterial vaginosis published from 1993 through 1996. For nonpregnant women, we recommend use of metronidazole (500 mg orally twice daily for 7 days), clindamycin vaginal cream (2%, once daily for 7 days), or metronidazole vaginal gel (0.75%, twice daily for 5 days) as the preferred treatment for bacterial vaginosis.

Risk profile of female sex workers who participate in a routine penicillin prophylaxis programme in Surabaya, Indonesia.

We conducted a sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevalence survey of 1867 female sex workers in Surabaya, Indonesia, some of whom reported participation in a routine penicillin prophylaxis programme. In Surabaya, 34% of female sex workers had received a prophylactic penicillin injection programme from the government within 28 days. Sex workers who had received routine prophylaxis injection were more likely to be less educated, to work in brothel complexes, and to have more customers per week than other sex workers.

Severity of pelvic inflammatory disease as a predictor of the probability of live birth.

Objective: Our aim was to study the association between severity of pelvic inflammatory disease at laparoscopy and the probability of achieving a live birth, while accounting for subsequent episodes of pelvic inflammatory disease.

Study Design: Beginning in 1960 a cohort of 1288 women in Lund, Sweden, who had clinical symptoms of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and who desired pregnancy was followed for up to 24 years. All participants underwent laparoscopy and were categorized by degree of salpingitis: mild (n = 371), moderate (n = 580), or severe (n = 337) pelvic inflammatory disease.

Patterns of sexually transmitted diseases in female sex workers in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Sex workers and their clients as core groups of high frequency transmitters play a dominant role in the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). In Surabaya, Indonesia, little is known about the prevalence of STDs in various sex establishments. We conducted an STD prevalence survey of 1873 female sex workers in Surabaya, Indonesia.

Black/white differences in leukocyte subpopulations in men.

Background: Although counts of leukocytes differ substantially between blacks and whites, and are predictive of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), racial differences in counts of leukocyte subpopulations have received less attention.

Methods: We examined black/white differences in leukocyte subpopulations among 3467 white and 493 black 31-45 year-old-men who had previously served in the US Army. Laboratory determinations were performed at a central location during 1985-1986.