The role of mRNA-galsomes and LNPs in enhancing HIV-specific T cell responses across various lymphoid organs.

mRNA nanoparticles have been investigated in the context of prophylactic vaccination against HIV, but their effectivity has not been widely investigated in therapeutic vaccination. It has been suggested that a profound CD8 T cell response within lymphoid tissues, a primary site for viral reservoirs, is crucial for achieving optimal viral control, potentially correlating with protection. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), including a modified variant containing α-galactosylceramide as an adjuvant, termed galsomes.

Compartmentalized role of xCT in supporting pancreatic tumor growth, inflammation and mood disturbance in mice.

xCT (Slc7a11), the specific subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system x, is present in the brain and on immune cells, where it is known to modulate behavior and inflammatory responses. In a variety of cancers -including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)-, xCT is upregulated by tumor cells to support their growth and spread. Therefore, we studied the impact of xCT deletion in pancreatic tumor cells (Panc02) and/or the host (xCT mice) on tumor burden, inflammation, cachexia and mood disturbances.

Multimeric immunotherapeutic complexes activating natural killer cells towards HIV-1 cure.

Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has dramatically extended the life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 and improved their quality of life. There is nevertheless no cure for HIV-1 infection since HIV-1 persists in viral reservoirs of latently infected CD4 T cells. cART does not eradicate HIV-1 reservoirs or restore cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells which are dramatically reduced by HIV-1 infection, and express the checkpoint inhibitors NKG2A or KIR2DL upregulated after HIV-1 infection.

Push-Through Filtration of Emulsified Adipose Tissue Over a 500-µm Mesh Significantly Reduces the Amount of Stromal Vascular Fraction and Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Background: Mechanical isolation of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) separates the stromal component from the parenchymal cells. Emulsification is currently the most commonly used disaggregation method and is effective in disrupting adipocytes and fragmenting the extracellular matrix (ECM). Subsequent push-through filtration of emulsified adipose tissue removes parts of the ECM that are not sufficiently micronized, thereby further liquifying the tissue.

Evaluation of functional candidate biomarkers of non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogenicity in human liver spheroid co-cultures.

Validated in vitro assays for testing non-genotoxic carcinogenic potential of chemicals are currently not available. Consequently, the two-year rodent bioassay remains the gold standard method for the identification of these chemicals. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have provided a comprehensive understanding of the non-genotoxic carcinogenic processes, however, functional changes induced by effects at transcriptional and translational levels have not been addressed.

Autologous dendritic cell vaccination against HIV-1 induces changes in natural killer cell phenotype and functionality.

Although natural killer (NK) cells have been studied in connection with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccination in the field of cancer immunology, their role has barely been addressed in the context of therapeutic vaccination against HIV-1. In this study, we evaluated whether a therapeutic DC-based vaccine consisting of monocyte-derived DCs electroporated with Tat, Rev and Nef encoding mRNA affects NK cell frequency, phenotype and functionality in HIV-1-infected individuals. Although the frequency of total NK cells did not change, we observed a significant increase in cytotoxic NK cells following immunisation.

Efficient Induction of Antigen-Specific CD8 T-Cell Responses by Cationic Peptide-Based mRNA Nanoparticles.

A major determinant for the success of mRNA-based vaccines is the composition of the nanoparticles (NPs) used for formulation and delivery. Cationic peptides represent interesting candidate carriers for mRNA, since they have been shown to efficiently deliver nucleic acids to eukaryotic cells. mRNA NPs based on arginine-rich peptides have previously been demonstrated to induce potent antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses.

Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Induces Immunogenic Cell Death Resulting in Maturation of BDCA-1 Myeloid Dendritic Cells.

Recently, a paradigm shift has been established for oncolytic viruses (OVs) as it was shown that the immune system plays an important role in the specific killing of tumor cells by OVs. OVs have the intrinsic capacity to provide the right signals to trigger anti-tumor immune responses, on the one hand by delivering virus-derived innate signals and on the other hand by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD), which is accompanied by the release of various damage-associated molecules from infected tumor cells. Here, we determined the ICD-inducing capacity of Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), a herpes simplex virus type 1 based OV, and benchmarked this to other previously described ICD (e.

Lifespan extension with preservation of hippocampal function in aged system x-deficient male mice.

The cystine/glutamate antiporter system x has been identified as the major source of extracellular glutamate in several brain regions as well as a modulator of neuroinflammation, and genetic deletion of its specific subunit xCT (xCT) is protective in mouse models for age-related neurological disorders. However, the previously observed oxidative shift in the plasma cystine/cysteine ratio of adult xCT mice led to the hypothesis that system x deletion would negatively affect life- and healthspan. Still, till now the role of system x in physiological aging remains unexplored.

Unraveling the Effects of a Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC)-Induced Tumor Oncolysate on Myeloid Dendritic Cells.

T-VEC, a HSV-1 derived oncolytic virus, is approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma. The mechanisms that underly the systemic anti-tumor effect that is seen following intratumoral injection have not yet been studied but are likely to be mediated by myeloid dendritic cells (myDC) that initiate an adaptive immune response. In this study we could demonstrate that T-VEC is non-toxic for human myDC.

T-cell subsets in the skin and their role in inflammatory skin disorders.

T lymphocytes (T cells) are major players of the adaptive immune response. Naive T cells are primed in the presence of cytokines, leading to polarization into distinct T-cell subsets with specific functions. These subsets are classified based on their T-cell receptor profile, expression of transcription factors, surface cytokine and chemokine receptors, and their cytokine production, which together determine their specific function.

Layer-by-Layer technique as a versatile tool for gene delivery applications.

: Gene therapy is a breakthrough medical field which focuses on the therapeutic delivery of recombinant nucleic acids in order to treat or prevent a broad spectrum of diseases. However, a number of important obstacles remain before its wide introduction into clinical practice can be envisaged. One of the biggest bottlenecks is the lack of efficient and safe delivery technologies, particularly, for distribution.

Off the beaten path: Novel mRNA-nanoformulations for therapeutic vaccination against HIV.

Over the last few years, immunotherapy for HIV in general and therapeutic vaccination in particular, has received a tremendous boost, both in preclinical research and in clinical applications. This interest is based on the evidence that the immune system plays a crucial role in controlling HIV infection, as shown for long-term non-progressors and elite controllers, and that immune responses can be manipulated towards targeting conserved epitopes. So far, the most successful approach has been vaccination with autologous dendritic cells (DCs) loaded ex vivo with antigens and activation signals.

Rapid viral rebound after analytical treatment interruption in patients with very small HIV reservoir and minimal on-going viral transcription.

Introduction: Viral remission after analytical treatment interruption (ATI), termed post-treatment control, has been described in a small proportion of HIV-positive patients. This phenomenon has been separately associated to both low levels of HIV-1 proviral DNA as well as cell-associated RNA. We investigated whether the combination of both parameters could help predict delayed viral rebound after treatment interruption (TI).

Neuroprotection by Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Rats with Ischemic Stroke is Associated with Microglial Changes and a Reduction in Neuroinflammation.

We and others have shown that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is neuroprotective when administered systemically shortly following stroke. In the current study, we addressed the hypothesis that microglia mediate neuroprotection by IGF-1 following ischemic stroke. Furthermore, we investigated whether IGF-1 modulates pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in ischemic brain with a special reference to microglia.

Correction to: iHIVARNA phase IIa, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of iHIVARNA-01 in chronically HIV-infected patients under stable combined antiretroviral therapy.

Following publication of the original article [1], we have been notified that end note would need to be adjusted.

Intranodal administration of mRNA encoding nucleoprotein provides cross-strain immunity against influenza in mice.

Background: Current human influenza vaccines lack the adaptability to match the mutational rate of the virus and therefore require annual revisions. Because of extensive manufacturing times and the possibility that antigenic alterations occur during viral vaccine strain production, an inherent risk exists for antigenic mismatch between the new influenza vaccine and circulating viruses. Targeting more conserved antigens such as nucleoprotein (NP) could provide a more sustainable vaccination strategy by inducing long term and heterosubtypic protection against influenza.

iHIVARNA phase IIa, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of iHIVARNA-01 in chronically HIV-infected patients under stable combined antiretroviral therapy.

Background: HIV therapeutic vaccination aims to improve the immune responses against HIV in order to control viral replication without the need for combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). iHIVARNA-01 is a novel vaccine combining mRNA delivery and T-cell immunogen (HTI) based on conserved targets of effective antiviral T-cell responses. In addition, it holds adequate stimuli required for activating antigen presenting cells (APC)s and co-activating specific T-cells (TriMix), including human CD40L, constitutively active TLR4 (caTLR4) and CD70.

Potential of memory T cells in bridging preoperative chemoradiation and immunotherapy in rectal cancer.

The management of locally advanced rectal cancer has passed a long way of developments, where total mesorectal excision and preoperative radiotherapy are crucial to secure clinical outcome. These and other aspects of multidisciplinary strategies are in-depth summarized in the literature, while our mini-review pursues a different goal. From an ethical and medical standpoint, we witness a delayed implementation of novel therapies given the cost/time consuming process of organizing randomized trials that would bridge an already excellent local control in cT3-4 node-positive disease with long-term survival.

Immune checkpoint blockade combined with IL-6 and TGF-β inhibition improves the therapeutic outcome of mRNA-based immunotherapy.

Improved understanding of cancer immunology has provided insight into the phenomenon of frequent tumor recurrence after initially successful immunotherapy. A delicate balance exists between the capacity of the immune system to control tumor growth and various resistance mechanisms that arise to avoid or even counteract the host's immune system. These resistance mechanisms include but are not limited to (i) adaptive expression of inhibitory checkpoint molecules in response to the proinflammatory environment and (ii) amplification of cancer stem cells, a small fraction of tumor cells possessing the capacity for self-renewal and mediating treatment resistance and formation of metastases after long periods of clinical remission.

Oncolytic virus-induced cell death and immunity: a match made in heaven?

Our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for cancer development has increased enormously over the last decades. However, for many cancers, this has not been translated into a significant improvement in overall survival, and overall mortality remains high. Treatment for many malignancies remains based on surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.