Publications by authors named "Joerg M Buescher"

Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Their phagocytic activity is central during brain development and homeostasis-and in a plethora of brain pathologies. However, little is known about the composition, dynamics, and function of human microglial phagosomes under homeostatic and pathological conditions.

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  • Researchers studied the brains of COVID-19 survivors to understand the neurological issues some face after infection.
  • They found an increased presence of certain immune cells, specifically microglia, which are linked to brain inflammation and were organized in peculiar clusters.
  • Additionally, there was a decrease in a type of immune cell (CD8 T cells), indicating a shift in the immune response that could explain the neurological changes observed in post-COVID-19 patients.*
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Eukaryotic cells contain several membrane-separated organelles to compartmentalize distinct metabolic reactions. However, it has remained unclear how these organelle systems are coordinated when cells adapt metabolic pathways to support their development, survival or effector functions. Here we present OrgaPlexing, a multi-spectral organelle imaging approach for the comprehensive mapping of six key metabolic organelles and their interactions.

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Leukemia relapse is a major cause of death after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). We tested the potential of targeting T cell (Tc) immunoglobulin and mucin-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) for improving graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects. We observed differential expression of TIM-3 ligands when hematopoietic stem cells overexpressed certain oncogenic-driver mutations.

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Cellular function critically depends on metabolism, and the function of the underlying metabolic networks can be studied by measuring small molecule intermediates. However, obtaining accurate and reliable measurements of cellular metabolism, particularly in rare cell types like hematopoietic stem cells, has traditionally required pooling cells from multiple animals. A protocol now enables researchers to measure metabolites in rare cell types using only one mouse per sample while generating multiple replicates for more abundant cell types.

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  • Immune response adaptations are crucial for CD8 T cells as they enter the intestinal environment, where they modify their gene expression and surface markers.
  • Intestinal CD8 T cells show decreased mitochondrial mass but maintain energy balance, as they encounter high levels of prostaglandin E (PGE), which influences mitochondrial function.
  • The interplay of PGE, autophagy, and glutathione synthesis is essential for managing reactive oxygen species and maintaining T cell viability, ultimately shaping the CD8 T cell population in the gut.
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  • Research shows that high-fat diets lead to obesity and increased macrophage infiltration in the colon, impacting their function and metabolism.
  • Resident colonic macrophages exhibit a lipid metabolism signature similar to lipid-associated macrophages, with a specific sub-cluster identified through single-cell RNA sequencing.
  • These macrophages show improved phagocytic capacity and fewer lipid droplets compared to those in lean mice, suggesting they adapt to limit bacterial translocation in response to high-fat diets.
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The skin needs to balance tolerance of colonizing microflora with rapid detection of potential pathogens. Flexible response mechanisms would seem most suitable to accommodate the dynamic challenges of effective antimicrobial defense and restoration of tissue homeostasis. Here, we dissected macrophage-intrinsic mechanisms and microenvironmental cues that tune macrophage signaling in localized skin infection with the colonizing and opportunistic pathogen Early in skin infection, the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) produced by γδ T cells and hypoxic conditions within the dermal microenvironment diverted macrophages away from a homeostatic M-CSF- and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)-dependent program.

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  • Immune cells, particularly CD8 T cells, adapt to their environment during immune responses, specifically when residing in the gut.
  • These cells change their gene expression and surface characteristics while reducing mitochondrial genes, leading to lower mitochondrial mass but maintaining energy balance for their function.
  • The presence of prostaglandin E (PGE) in the gut causes mitochondrial depolarization, prompting CD8 T cells to use autophagy and increase glutathione synthesis to manage stress from reactive oxygen species, influencing their accumulation and overall function in the intestinal microenvironment.
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Metabolism plays a fundamental role in regulating cellular functions and fate decisions. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based targeted metabolomic approaches provide high-resolution insights into the metabolic state of a cell. However, the typical sample size is in the order of 10-10 cells and thus not compatible with rare cell populations, especially in the case of a prior flow cytometry-based purification step.

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  • - The study explores how changes in the lipid composition of CD8 effector T cells influence their differentiation and signaling, specifically focusing on different types of phosphoinositides (PIP).
  • - Naive T cells predominantly contain polyunsaturated PIP, which supports immediate signaling after T cell activation, while late T cells rely on saturated PIP for ongoing signaling due to decreased activity of the enzyme phospholipase C-γ1.
  • - The research found that glucose is crucial for the production of saturated PIP, suggesting that different lipid profiles with distinct fatty acid compositions are critical for the successful functioning of T cells during their differentiation process.
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Obesity promotes diverse pathologies, including atherosclerosis and dementia, which frequently involve vascular defects and endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction. Each organ has distinct EC subtypes, but whether ECs are differentially affected by obesity is unknown. Here we use single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze transcriptomes of ~375,000 ECs from seven organs in male mice at progressive stages of obesity to identify organ-specific vulnerabilities.

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Metabolomics is a continuously dynamic field of research that is driven by demanding research questions and technological advances alike. In this review we highlight selected recent and ongoing developments in the area of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. The field of view that can be seen through the metabolomics lens can be broadened by adoption of separation techniques such as hydrophilic interaction chromatography and ion mobility mass spectrometry (going broader).

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  • CD4 T cell differentiation is influenced by metabolic changes that are essential for growth and function, with mitochondrial dynamics playing a key role in this process.
  • Researchers discovered that T helper 17 (T17) cells uniquely have fused mitochondria and depend on the protein OPA1 for regulating the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, rather than respiration, to maintain proper cell function.
  • The study also revealed that LKB1 acts as a link between mitochondrial activity and cytokine expression, indicating that disruptions in mitochondria can affect the production of IL-17, a critical factor for T17 cell function.
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Successful elimination of bacteria in phagocytes occurs in the phago-lysosomal system, but also depends on mitochondrial pathways. Yet, how these two organelle systems communicate is largely unknown. Here we identify the lysosomal biogenesis factor transcription factor EB (TFEB) as regulator for phago-lysosome-mitochondria crosstalk in macrophages.

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Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) often achieve remission after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) but subsequently die of relapse driven by leukemia cells resistant to elimination by allogeneic T cells based on decreased major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) expression and apoptosis resistance. Here we demonstrate that mouse-double-minute-2 (MDM2) inhibition can counteract immune evasion of AML. MDM2 inhibition induced MHC class I and II expression in murine and human AML cells.

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Metabolism is important for the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and drives cellular fate. Due to the scarcity of HSCs, it has been technically challenging to perform metabolome analyses gaining insight into HSC metabolic regulatory networks. Here, we present two targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry approaches that enable the detection of metabolites after fluorescence-activated cell sorting when sample amounts are limited.

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Microglial function declines during aging. The interaction of microglia with the gut microbiota has been well characterized during development and adulthood but not in aging. Here, we compared microglial transcriptomes from young-adult and aged mice housed under germ-free and specific pathogen-free conditions and found that the microbiota influenced aging associated-changes in microglial gene expression.

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Understanding the physiological origins of age-related cognitive decline is of critical importance given the rising age of the world's population. Previous work in animal models has established a strong link between cognitive performance and the microbiota, and it is known that the microbiome undergoes profound remodeling in older adults. Despite growing evidence for the association between age-related cognitive decline and changes in the gut microbiome, the mechanisms underlying such interactions between the brain and the gut are poorly understood.

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Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) rely on complex regulatory networks to preserve stemness. Due to the scarcity of HSCs, technical challenges have limited our insights into the interplay between metabolites, transcription, and the epigenome. In this study, we generated low-input metabolomics, transcriptomics, chromatin accessibility, and chromatin immunoprecipitation data, revealing distinct metabolic hubs that are enriched in HSCs and their downstream multipotent progenitors.

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  • * A lack of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase, essential for polyamine production, leads to improper CD4 T cell specification and abnormal expression of cytokines and transcription factors.
  • * Polyamines influence T cell differentiation by generating hypusine, with a deficiency in this process resulting in significant epigenetic changes and severe intestinal inflammation in mice.
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The behaviour of Dictyostelium discoideum depends on nutrients. When sufficient food is present these amoebae exist in a unicellular state, but upon starvation they aggregate into a multicellular organism. This biology makes D.

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CD8+ T cells detect and kill infected or cancerous cells. When activated from their naïve state, T cells undergo a complex transition, including major metabolic reprogramming. Detailed resolution of metabolic dynamics is needed to advance the field of immunometabolism.

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