Principles of organelle positioning in motile and non-motile cells.

Cells are equipped with asymmetrically localised and functionally specialised components, including cytoskeletal structures and organelles. Positioning these components to specific intracellular locations in an asymmetric manner is critical for their functionality and affects processes like immune responses, tissue maintenance, muscle functionality, and neurobiology. Here, we provide an overview of strategies to actively move, position, and anchor organelles to specific locations.

"When you're down, stay down": A lesson for all competitive alpine skiers supported by an ACL rupture measured in vivo.

Background: During an experiment, a ski racer equipped with various measurement devices suffered an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture in his right knee. The aim of this study was to describe the underlying injury mechanism from a functional perspective.

Methods: Eight giant slalom turns (i.

A Magnet-Based Timing Tystem to Detect Gate Crossings in Alpine Ski Racing.

In alpine skiing, intermediate times are usually measured with photocells. However, for practical reasons, the number of intermediate cells is limited to three⁻four, making a detailed timing analysis difficult. In this paper, we propose and validate a magnet-based timing system allowing for the measurement of intermediate times at each gate.

How to Prevent Injuries in Alpine Ski Racing: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go from Here?

Alpine ski racing is known to be a sport with a high risk of injury and a high proportion of time-loss injuries. In recent years, substantial research efforts with regard to injury epidemiology, injury etiology, potential prevention measures, and measures' evaluation have been undertaken. Therefore, the aims of this review of the literature were (i) to provide a comprehensive overview of what is known about the aforementioned four steps of injury prevention research in the context of alpine ski racing; and (ii) to derive potential perspectives for future research.

Potential Mechanisms Leading to Overuse Injuries of the Back in Alpine Ski Racing: A Descriptive Biomechanical Study.

Background: Overuse injuries of the back are a common complaint among top athletes and of competitive alpine skiers in particular. However, there is limited understanding about the sport-specific causes of these injuries that is essential for their prevention.

Purpose/hypothesis: This study was undertaken to describe the sport-specific, overall trunk kinematics and skiers' loading during giant slalom turns and to assess the plausibility of the hypothesis that a combination of frontal bending, lateral bending, and/or torsion in the loaded trunk might be a potential mechanism leading to overuse injuries of the back in alpine ski racing.

Course setting and selected biomechanical variables related to injury risk in alpine ski racing: an explorative case study.

Background: Course setting has often been discussed as a potential preventative measure in the World Cup ski-racing community. However, there is limited understanding of how it is related to injury risk.

Objective: This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of increased horizontal gate distance on energy-related and injury mechanism-related variables.

Perceived key injury risk factors in World Cup alpine ski racing--an explorative qualitative study with expert stakeholders.

Background: There is limited knowledge about key injury risk factors in alpine ski racing, particularly for World Cup (WC) athletes.

Objective: This study was undertaken to compile and explore perceived intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors for severe injuries in WC alpine ski racing.

Methods: Qualitative study.