Fluvial pools as reach-scale thermal regulators.

Water temperature is a fundamental driver of physical processes, metabolic rates, and habitat availability in fluvial systems. As anthropogenic activities and climate change increase river temperatures and associated thermal stress on aquatic organisms, river restoration has focused on moderating thermal regimes and creating localized cold-water refuges. Restoration of a 2.

Landscape characteristics of a stream and wetland mitigation banking program.

In the United States, stream restoration is an increasing part of environmental and land management programs, particularly under the auspices of compensatory mitigation regulations. Markets and regulations surrounding stream mitigation are beginning to mirror those of the well-established wetland mitigation industry. Recent studies have shown that wetland mitigation programs commonly shift wetlands across space from urban to rural areas, thereby changing the functional characteristics and benefits of wetlands in the landscape.