Cerebrospinal fluid flow extends to peripheral nerves further unifying the nervous system.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is responsible for maintaining brain homeostasis through nutrient delivery and waste removal for the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we demonstrate extensive CSF flow throughout the peripheral nervous system (PNS) by tracing distribution of multimodal 1.9-nanometer gold nanoparticles, roughly the size of CSF circulating proteins, infused within the lateral cerebral ventricle (a primary site of CSF production).

Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Extends to Peripheral Nerves.

Unlabelled: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an aqueous solution responsible for nutrient delivery and waste removal for the central nervous system (CNS). The three-layer meningeal coverings of the CNS support CSF flow. Peripheral nerves have an analogous three-layer covering consisting of the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium.

Identification of a novel path for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage of the human brain.

How cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drains from the human brain is of paramount importance to cerebral health and physiology. Obstructed CSF drainage results in increased intra-cranial pressure and a predictable cascade of events including dilated cerebral ventricles and ultimately cell death. The current and accepted model of CSF drainage in humans suggests CSF drains from the subarachnoid space into the sagittal sinus vein.

Deep Subcutaneous Gluteal Fat Compartments: Anatomy and Clinical Implications.

Background: Advances in gluteal fat grafting have resulted in diminished risks through improved understanding of regional anatomy and technical nuances. No anatomic studies identifying the presence or absence of buttock fat compartments have yet been reported.

Objectives: The aim of this cadaveric study was to identify and characterize the deep subcutaneous gluteal fat compartments to further understand the nuanced differences between deep and superficial subcutaneous fat layers.

Ventricular Infusion and Nanoprobes Identify Cerebrospinal Fluid and Glymphatic Circulation in Human Nerves.

Unlabelled: Growing evidence suggests that cerebrospinal fluid circulates in human nerves. Several conditions encountered by the plastic surgeon may be related to dysregulation of this system, including nerve transection, stretch injuries, and peripheral neuropathy. The purpose of this study was to show how ventricular infusion and nanoprobes identify CSF and glymphatic circulation in neural sheaths of human nerves.

The Value of Integrating Fluorescent Imaging and Immunohistochemistry for Future Anatomical Studies in Aesthetic Surgery: Lessons From the Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulatory System of Human Nerves and Brain.

Background: During their work on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulatory system of human nerves and brain, the authors applied imaging and tissue techniques that complemented basic anatomical dissection.

Objectives: The authors sought to show how integrating fluorescent imaging and basic immunohistochemistry (IHC) with facial anatomy can address current problems in aesthetic surgery.

Methods: The authors developed an algorithm and a set of principles from their work on the CSF circulatory system and applied these to 3 problems in aesthetic surgery: the functional anatomy of the vermilion-cutaneous junction; chemosis; and the functional anatomy of periosteal fixation.

Outcomes of the glove-gauze regimen for managing burn injuries of the hand.

We studied the efficacy of the glove-gauze regimen in treating superficial, partial-thickness and small full-thickness hand burns. Outcome measures included healing time, need for surgical intervention, need for formal physical therapy, restoration of range of motion, return to function and incidence of infection. All patients ( = 123) successfully completed the regimen with an average healing time of 3.

SMAS Fusion Zones Determine the Subfascial and Subcutaneous Anatomy of the Human Face: Fascial Spaces, Fat Compartments, and Models of Facial Aging.

Background: Fusion zones between superficial fascia and deep fascia have been recognized by surgical anatomists since 1938. Anatomical dissection performed by the author suggested that additional superficial fascia fusion zones exist.

Objectives: A study was performed to evaluate and define fusion zones between the superficial and the deep fascia.

Total joint arthroplasty of the distal radioulnar joint for rheumatoid arthritis.

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of primary total distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) replacement as well as reconstruction following ulnar head excision in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods: Seventeen patients with RA underwent 19 total DRUJ replacement between 2005 and 2011. Mean age at the time of the surgery was 57 years.

The anatomical basis for wrinkles.

Background: Light and electron microscopy have not identified a distinct anatomical structure associated with either skin wrinkles or creases, and a histological difference between wrinkled and adjacent skin has not been identified.

Objectives: The authors investigate whether facial wrinkles are related to underlying lymphatic vessels and perilymphatic fat.

Methods: Lymphatic vessels with a specialized tube of perilymphatic fat were identified beneath palmar creases.

The Science and Theory behind Facial Aging.

The etiology of age-related facial changes has many layers. Multiple theories have been presented over the past 50-100 years with an evolution of understanding regarding facial changes related to skin, soft tissue, muscle, and bone. This special topic will provide an overview of the current literature and evidence and theories of facial changes of the skeleton, soft tissues, and skin over time.

The low transverse extended latissimus dorsi flap based on fat compartments of the back for breast reconstruction: anatomical study and clinical results.

Background: Despite many modifications to the extended latissimus dorsi flap, its use in autologous breast reconstruction remains limited because of insufficient volume and donor-site morbidity. Through a detailed analysis of the deposition of back fat, this study describes a low transverse extended latissimus dorsi flap harvest technique that increases flap volumes and improves donor-site aesthetics.

Methods: Eight fresh cadaver hemibacks were used to identify the anatomical location of the fat compartments.

Dermolipectomy of the lateral thoracic fat compartment in secondary breast reconstruction revision: Anatomical and clinical results.

Unlabelled: Fullness in the lateral thoracic area following breast reconstruction can be a source of concern for patients. This redundant tissue creates disharmony between the newly reconstructed breast, the lateral mammary fold, and the lateral thoracic compartment. In this article we present the results of our anatomical/histological study, discuss the operative technique and present a clinical series of patients who underwent this procedure.

Great auricular nerve injury, the "subauricular band" phenomenon, and the periauricular adipose compartments.

Background: Experience with anatomical dissection has suggested that two potential complications of rhytidectomy are related to the anatomy of the periauricular adipose compartments: great auricular nerve injury and the "subauricular band" phenomenon. This study describes this anatomy and its relationship to these potential complications.

Methods: The results of 24 fresh hemifacial cadaver dissections were included in this study.