The long-term maintenance of a resistance polymorphism through diffuse interactions.

Plant resistance (R) genes are a crucial component in plant defence against pathogens. Although R genes often fail to provide durable resistance in an agricultural context, they frequently persist as long-lived balanced polymorphisms in nature. Standard theory explains the maintenance of such polymorphisms through a balance of the costs and benefits of resistance and virulence in a tightly coevolving host-pathogen pair.

Maladaptation in wild populations of the generalist plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae.

Multihost pathogens occur widely on both natural and agriculturally managed hosts. Despite the importance of such generalists, evolutionary studies of host-pathogen interactions have largely focused on tightly coupled interactions between species pairs. We characterized resistance in a collection of Arabidopsis thaliana hosts, including 24 accessions collected from the Midwest USA and 24 from around the world, and patterns of virulence in a collection of Pseudomonas syringae strains, including 24 strains collected from wild Midwest populations of A.

Genome-wide association study of 107 phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana inbred lines.

Although pioneered by human geneticists as a potential solution to the challenging problem of finding the genetic basis of common human diseases, genome-wide association (GWA) studies have, owing to advances in genotyping and sequencing technology, become an obvious general approach for studying the genetics of natural variation and traits of agricultural importance. They are particularly useful when inbred lines are available, because once these lines have been genotyped they can be phenotyped multiple times, making it possible (as well as extremely cost effective) to study many different traits in many different environments, while replicating the phenotypic measurements to reduce environmental noise. Here we demonstrate the power of this approach by carrying out a GWA study of 107 phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana, a widely distributed, predominantly self-fertilizing model plant known to harbour considerable genetic variation for many adaptively important traits.

Continua of specificity and virulence in plant host-pathogen interactions: causes and consequences.

Ecological, evolutionary and molecular models of interactions between plant hosts and microbial pathogens are largely based around a concept of tightly coupled interactions between species pairs. However, highly pathogenic and obligate associations between host and pathogen species represent only a fraction of the diversity encountered in natural and managed systems. Instead, many pathogens can infect a wide range of hosts, and most hosts are exposed to more than one pathogen species, often simultaneously.

Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling defense pathways reduce natural bacterial diversity on Arabidopsis thaliana.

Terrestrial plants serve as large and diverse habitats for a wide range of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbes, yet these communities are not well described and little is known about the effects of plant defense on microbial communities in nature. We designed a field experiment to determine how variation in two plant defense signaling pathways affects the size, diversity, and composition of the natural endophytic and epiphytic bacterial communities of Arabidopsis thaliana. To do this, we provide an initial characterization of these bacterial communities in one population in southwestern Michigan, United States, and we compare these two communities among A.

SAR increases fitness of Arabidopsis thaliana in the presence of natural bacterial pathogens.

Given the substantial costs of plant defenses against pathogens, there should be corresponding benefits that prevent resistance from being lost in natural plant populations. Here, we present evidence that systemic acquired resistance (SAR) benefits plants attacked by pathogenic bacteria in nature. In a large field experiment, we found that Arabidopsis thaliana treated with salicylic acid exhibited reduced titers of bacteria in their leaves and elevated fitness relative to controls.

Natural selection on a polymorphic disease-resistance locus in Ipomoea purpurea.

Although disease-resistance polymorphisms are common in natural plant populations, the mechanisms responsible for this variation are not well understood. Theoretical models predict that balancing selection can maintain polymorphism within a population if the fitness effects of a resistance allele vary from a net cost to a net benefit, depending upon the extent of pathogen damage. However, there have been a few attempts to determine how commonly this mechanism operates in natural plant-pathogen interactions.

The role of pectate lyase and the jasmonic acid defense response in Pseudomonas viridiflava virulence.

Pseudomonas viridiflava is a common pathogen of Arabidopsis thaliana in wild populations, yet very little is known about mechanisms of resistance and virulence in this interaction. We examined the induced defense response of A. thaliana to several strains of P.

Major-gene resistance to the rust pathogen Coleosporium ipomoeae is common in natural populations of Ipomoea purpurea.

The genetic basis of resistance to pathogens is well studied in crops, yet our understanding of the evolution of this trait in natural populations will be improved by determining how resistance is inherited in a wide range of plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we examined resistance to Coleosporium ipomoeae, a common fungal rust pathogen of Ipomoea purpurea. Natural populations across North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia (USA) were surveyed for the presence of C.

Environmental variation mediates the deleterious effects of Coleosporium ipomoeae on Ipomoea purpurea.

Variation in the environment is common within and between natural populations and may influence selection on plant resistance by altering the level of damage or the fitness consequences of damage from plant enemies. While much is known about how environmental variation influences the amount of damage a plant experiences, few studies have attempted to determine how variation in the environment may alter the fitness consequences of damage, particularly in plant-pathogen interactions. In this work we manipulated a rust pathogen, Coleosporium ipomoeae, in field experiments and showed that this pathogen reduced several components of fitness in its natural host plant, Ipomoea purpurea.