A detailed observation of variations of the facial artery, with emphasis on the superior labial artery.

The reconstruction of lip defects through the use of the Abbe flap and other lip flap procedures involves surgical manipulation of one of the major branches of the facial artery, specifically the superior labial artery (SLA). We examined 284 hemifaces derived from 142 formalin fixed cadavers. Observations regarding the distribution patterns of the facial artery were recognized and categorized into five Types, labeled "A" through "E".

The gross anatomy of the extrathoracic course of the intercostobrachial nerve.

Recent reports emphasize the importance of preserving the intercostobrachial nerve (ICBN) during surgical procedures (i.e., mastectomy, axillary clearance).

An anatomical classification of the variations of the inferior phrenic vein.

The majority of anatomical textbooks of gross anatomy offer very little information concerning the anatomy and distribution of the inferior phrenic vein (IPV). However, in the last decade, an increasing number of reports have arisen, with reference to the endoscopic embolization of esophageal and paraesophageal varices, as well as venous drainage of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). The IPV is one of the major sources of collateral venous drainage in portal hypertension and HCC.

Clinical anatomy of the inferior phrenic artery.

The majority of anatomical textbooks of gross anatomy offer very little information concerning the anatomy and distribution of the inferior phrenic artery (IPA). In the last decade, however, increased numbers of reports have appeared with reference to the arterial supply of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The IPA is a major source of collateral or parasitized arterial supply to this type of carcinoma, second only to the hepatic artery.

Sternalis muscle: a mystery still.

Despite intensive anatomical research during the last century, anatomical structures or variations of these structures may still cause confusion or even iatrogenic injury. A matter of debate is the sternalis muscle. We present a review of the literature of the sternalis muscle with special emphasis on its clinical anatomy.