Clear and Consistent Imaging of Hippocampal Internal Architecture With High Resolution Multiple Image Co-registration and Averaging (HR-MICRA).

Magnetic resonance imaging of hippocampal internal architecture (HIA) at 3T is challenging. HIA is defined by layers of gray and white matter that are less than 1 mm thick in the coronal plane. To visualize HIA, conventional MRI approaches have relied on sequences with high in-plane resolution (≤0.

Drainage of the basal vein of Rosenthal into the confluence of sinuses.

An adult female was found to have a variation of the left basal vein of Rosenthal after presenting with complaints of headache. The vein, in this case, drained directly into the confluence of sinuses instead of the great vein of Galen. Variation of the basal vein is likely due to the embryonic development of the deep cerebral venous system as primitive structures either differentiate further or regress with age.

Imaging of Inflammatory Disorders of Salivary Glands.

Sialadenitis is among the most common conditions that affect the salivary glands. Inflammation of the salivary glands occurs as the end result of a variety of pathologic conditions, including infectious, autoimmune, and idiopathic causes. Clinically, inflammation of the salivary gland causes pain and localized swelling.

Intracranial Connections of the Vertebral Venous Plexus: Anatomical Study with Application to Neurosurgical and Endovascular Procedures at the Craniocervical Junction.

Background: Descriptions of intracranial extensions of vertebral venous plexuses are lacking.

Objective: To identify vertebral venous plexuses at the craniocervical junction in cadavers and describe them.

Methods: The authors dissected 15 ink-injected, formalin-fixed, adult cadaveric heads and measured cranial extensions of the spinal venous plexuses.

Hippocampal dentation: Structural variation and its association with episodic memory in healthy adults.

While the hippocampus has long been identified as a structure integral to memory, the relationship between morphology and function has yet to be fully explained. We present an analysis of hippocampal dentation, a morphological feature previously unexplored in regard to its relationship with episodic memory. "Hippocampal dentation" in this case refers to surface convolutions, primarily present in the CA1/subiculum on the inferior aspect of the hippocampus.

Late-Onset Cerebral Toxoplasmosis After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Post-transplant toxoplasmosis is often a reactivation of prior infection and typically occurs within the first 6 months of transplant. Herein, we report that cerebral toxoplasmosis may occur 22 months after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Enlargement of Meckel's cave in patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leaks.

Background: Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks have imaging findings consistent with chronically elevated intracranial pressure, such as empty sella. Meckel's cave is a CSF-filled space that houses the trigeminal ganglion at the cranial base. Our objective in this study was to evaluate "dilated" Meckel's cave as a radiologic sign in patients with elevated intracranial pressure spontaneous CSF leaks and compare the dimensions with those from a control cohort.

Absent Vascular Signal on Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography Due to Recent Ferumoxytol Infusion.

Time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography is used for craniocervical arterial evaluation. Absent flow-related signal may be the result of slow flow, complex flow, or focal susceptibility effects. We report a case with complete absence of flow-related signal in the intracranial and cervical vessels due to ferumoxytol infusion given 5 days before magnetic resonance angiography.

Acute Isolated Central Facial Palsy as Manifestation of Middle Cerebral Artery Ischemia.

Background: Isolated central facial palsy (I-CFP) is attributed to a lacunar syndrome affecting the corona radiata region or pons. We examined our acute stroke registry for patients presenting with I-CFP and localized their symptoms to a vascular lesion.

Subject & Methods: Our database of consecutive patients with symptoms of acute cerebral ischemia admitted from January 2008 to December 2012 was reviewed for NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and subcomponents.

Inaccurate Assessments of Anterior Cranial Base Malignancy Following Nasoseptal Flap Reconstruction.

Objective The nasoseptal flap (NSF) provides vascularized tissue for repair of skull base defects of various etiologies. However, the NSF repair after skull base resection for anterior cranial base malignancies may demonstrate radiologic findings confusing for recurrent or residual disease on postoperative surveillance imaging. The objective of the current study was to review neuroradiologic misinterpretations of NSF reconstruction following anterior cranial base malignancies.

Practical imaging of the parotid gland.

The parotid gland may be affected by numerous pathologies, and physicians from many different medical and surgical specialties request parotid imaging. Mastering the typical imaging features of various types of parotid pathology is facilitated by understanding how various diseases produce their characteristic imaging findings. In this review article, we present succinct overviews of the normal anatomy and the common pathologies of the parotid gland and recommend a practical approach to differential diagnosis that can be easily implemented in day-to-day radiology practice.

Transnasal endoscopic resection of a calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor.

Calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor (CCOT) is a rare histologic subtype of odontogenic tumor. Treatment requires complete enucleation. We report what we believe is the first case of CCOT to be removed via a transnasal endoscopic approach.

Imaging of the temporomandibular joint: An update.

Imaging of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is continuously evolving with advancement of imaging technologies. Many different imaging modalities are currently used to evaluate the TMJ. Magnetic resonance imaging is commonly used for evaluation of the TMJ due to its superior contrast resolution and its ability to acquire dynamic imaging for demonstration of the functionality of the joint.

Observer reliability of arteriovenous malformations grading scales using current imaging modalities.

Object: The aim of this study was to examine observer reliability of frequently used arteriovenous malformation (AVM) grading scales, including the 5-tier Spetzler-Martin scale, the 3-tier Spetzler-Ponce scale, and the Pollock-Flickinger radiosurgery-based scale, using current imaging modalities in a setting closely resembling routine clinical practice.

Methods: Five experienced raters, including 1 vascular neurosurgeon, 2 neuroradiologists, and 2 senior neurosurgical residents independently reviewed 15 MRI studies, 15 CT angiograms, and 15 digital subtraction angiograms obtained at the time of initial diagnosis. Assessments of 5 scans of each imaging modality were repeated for measurement of intrarater reliability.

Spontaneous sphenoid lateral recess cerebrospinal fluid leaks arise from intracranial hypertension, not Sternberg's canal.

Background: Spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks/encephaloceles are proven to be associated with intracranial hypertension by objective measurements of CSF pressure during or following endoscopic repair. A common area of involvement is a pneumatized lateral recess of the sphenoid (LRS) sinus, where prolonged intracranial pressures lead to arachnoid pits and subsequent development of skull-base defects. Even though the LRS is never present at birth, a "congenital" cause of these leaks due to a persistent Sternberg's (lateral craniopharyngeal) canal continues to be erroneously perpetuated in the literature.

Evaluating hippocampal internal architecture on MRI: inter-rater reliability of a proposed scoring system.

Background: Asymmetry of hippocampal internal architecture (HIA) has been reported to be a frequent imaging finding in epilepsy patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who exhibit other signs of hippocampal sclerosis. HIA asymmetry may also be an independent predictor of the side of seizure onset in patients with otherwise normal MRI scans. The study of HIA asymmetry and its relationship to the laterality of TLE would benefit from a reliable method of assessing the clarity of HIA in MRI scans.

Computational fluid dynamic analysis of the posterior airway space after maxillomandibular advancement for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Purpose: This study evaluated the soft tissue change of the upper airway after maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) using computational fluid dynamics.

Materials And Methods: Eight patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome who required MMA were recruited into this study. All participants underwent pre- and postoperative computed tomography and then MMA by a single oral and maxillofacial surgeon.

Prognostic significance of thyroid or cricoid cartilage invasion in laryngeal or hypopharyngeal cancer treated with organ preserving strategies.

Background: The utility of definitive radiotherapy (RT) for locoregionally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx or hypopharynx in the setting of thyroid or cricoid cartilage invasion (TCCI) is controversial. A retrospective review of our experience was performed.

Methods: Our institutional database of patients with SCC of the head and neck treated with radiotherapy (90% received concurrent systemic therapy) between 1995 and 2009 was queried.

Timing and mechanism of ischemic stroke due to extracranial blunt traumatic cerebrovascular injury.

Object: Extracranial cerebrovascular injury is believed to be an important cause of neurological injury in patients who have suffered blunt trauma. The authors sought to determine the timing and mechanisms of ischemic stroke in patients who suffered traumatic cerebrovascular injury (TCVI).

Methods: This is a prospective study of all patients with TCVI who were admitted to a Level I trauma center during a 28-month period.

Radiopaque jaw lesions: an approach to the differential diagnosis.

Radiopaque jaw lesions are frequently encountered at radiography and computed tomography, but they are usually underevaluated or underdescribed in radiology reports. A systematic approach to the evaluation of radiopaque jaw lesions is necessary to diagnose the lesion or at least provide a meaningful differential diagnosis. To evaluate a radiopaque jaw lesion, the first, most important step is to categorize the lesion according to its attenuation, its relationship to the teeth, and its location with respect to the tooth.

Radiation necrosis in the brain: imaging features and differentiation from tumor recurrence.

Radiation necrosis in the brain commonly occurs in three distinct clinical scenarios, namely, radiation therapy for head and neck malignancy or intracranial extraaxial tumor, stereotactic radiation therapy (including radiosurgery) for brain metastasis, and radiation therapy for primary brain tumors. Knowledge of the radiation treatment plan, amount of brain tissue included in the radiation port, type of radiation, location of the primary malignancy, and amount of time elapsed since radiation therapy is extremely important in determining whether the imaging abnormality represents radiation necrosis or recurrent tumor. Conventional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of these two entities overlap considerably, and even at histopathologic analysis, tumor mixed with radiation necrosis is a common finding.

Primary central nervous system angiosarcoma: two case reports.

Introduction: Primary angiosarcoma of the brain is extremely rare; only 15 cases have been reported in adults over the last 25 years.

Case Presentations: We describe two cases of primary angiosarcoma of the brain that are well characterized by imaging, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Case 1: our first patient was a 35-year-old woman who developed exophthalmos.

Cerebrospinal fluid volume replacement following large endoscopic anterior cranial base resection.

Background: Large endoscopic skull-base resections often result in extensive postoperative pneumocephalus secondary to copious evacuation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during the procedures. Replacing CSF lost during craniotomy with saline is a common technique in neurosurgery, but is difficult after extensive transnasal resection of the anterior cranial base because direct transnasal CSF augmentation will escape until the skull base reconstruction is sealed. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of intraoperative CSF volume replacement via lumbar drains on improving postoperative outcomes.

An aberrant cerebellar artery originating from the internal carotid artery.

The aberrant origin of the cerebellar arteries from anterior cerebral circulation is a quite rare vascular variation. Herein, we report a 52-year-old white female with angiographically occult subarachnoid hemorrhage. Left superior and anterior inferior cerebellar arteries were not detected.