Two sides of the same coin? What neural processing of emotion and rewards can tell us about complex post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder.

Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD) share clinical similarities, complicating diagnosis and treatment. Research on the neurobiology of BPD and monotraumatic PTSD has shown that a prefrontal-limbic imbalance in emotional and reward processing is a hallmark of both disorders, but studies examining this network in cPTSD are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to directly compare neural processing of emotion and reward during decision making in cPTSD and BPD.

Autobiographical memory following weight gain in adult patients with Anorexia Nervosa: A longitudinal study.

Background: Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) show overgeneralization of memory (OGM) when generating autobiographical episodes related to food and body shape. These memories are central for the construction of a coherent self-concept, interpersonal relationships, and problem-solving abilities. The current study aims to investigate changes in autobiographical memory following weight gain.

Measuring interpersonal trauma: Development and validation of the German version of the victimization experience schedule (VES).

Objective: Interpersonal victimization experiences (VEs) significantly affect mental and physical health, particularly in disorders associated with life-time adversities, like fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, assessing VEs comprehensively remains challenging due to limited tools that encompass sub-traumatic events, such as bullying or discrimination, and contextual dimensions. We aimed to address this gap by validating the Victimization Experience Schedule (VES) in German, examining its reliability, and assessing VEs in clinical populations with FMS and MDD.

Hypothalamic subregion alterations in anorexia nervosa and obesity: Association with appetite-regulating hormone levels.

Objective: Anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity are weight-related disorders with imbalances in energy homeostasis that may be due to hormonal dysregulation. Given the importance of the hypothalamus in hormonal regulation, we aimed to identify morphometric alterations to hypothalamic subregions linked to these conditions and their connection to appetite-regulating hormones.

Methods: Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained from 78 patients with AN, 27 individuals with obesity and 100 normal-weight healthy controls.

Reward anticipation-related neural activation following cued reinforcement in adults with psychotic psychopathology and biological relatives.

Background: Schizophrenia is associated with hypoactivation of reward sensitive brain areas during reward anticipation. However, it is unclear whether these neural functions are similarly impaired in other disorders with psychotic symptomatology or individuals with genetic liability for psychosis. If abnormalities in reward sensitive brain areas are shared across individuals with psychotic psychopathology and people with heightened genetic liability for psychosis, there may be a common neural basis for symptoms of diminished pleasure and motivation.

Systematic review of machine learning utilization within outpatient psychodynamic psychotherapy research.

Introduction: Although outpatient psychodynamic psychotherapy is effective, there has been no improvement in treatment success in recent years. One way to improve psychodynamic treatment could be the use of machine learning to design treatments tailored to the individual patient's needs. In the context of psychotherapy, machine learning refers mainly to various statistical methods, which aim to predict outcomes (e.

Hypothalamic Reactivity and Connectivity following Intravenous Glucose Administration.

Dysfunctional glucose sensing in homeostatic brain regions such as the hypothalamus is interlinked with the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the physiology and pathophysiology of glucose sensing and neuronal homeostatic regulation remain insufficiently understood. To provide a better understanding of glucose signaling to the brain, we assessed the responsivity of the hypothalamus (i.

Verbal memory following weight gain in adult patients with anorexia nervosa: A longitudinal study.

Background: Patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) show a moderate deficit in overall neuropsychological functioning. Since previous studies on memory performance mainly employed cross-sectional designs, the present study aims to investigate changes in verbal memory following weight-gain.

Methods: Verbal memory was assessed with the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R; 'logical memory'-story-recall-subtest) and the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II; 'verbal learning').

Brain Structure in Acutely Underweight and Partially Weight-Restored Individuals With Anorexia Nervosa: A Coordinated Analysis by the ENIGMA Eating Disorders Working Group.

Background: The pattern of structural brain abnormalities in anorexia nervosa (AN) is still not well understood. While several studies report substantial deficits in gray matter volume and cortical thickness in acutely underweight patients, others find no differences, or even increases in patients compared with healthy control subjects. Recent weight regain before scanning may explain some of this heterogeneity.

Pathophysiological aspects of complex PTSD - a neurobiological account in comparison to classic posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder.

Despite a great diagnostic overlap, complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) has been recognised by the ICD-11 as a new, discrete entity and recent empirical evidence points towards a distinction from simple posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). The development and maintenance of these disorders is sustained by neurobiological alterations and studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may further contribute to a clear differentiation of CPTSD, PTSD and BPD. However, there are no existing fMRI studies directly comparing CPTSD, PTSD and BPD.

The Problem of Appetite Loss After Major Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Objective: To systematically review the problem of appetite loss after major abdominal surgery.

Summary Of Background Data: Appetite loss is a common problem after major abdominal surgery. Understanding of etiology and treatment options is limited.

Increased ventral striatal functional connectivity in patients with schizophrenia during reward anticipation.

Background: Growing evidence points towards dysfunction of the ventral striatum as a neural substrate of motivational impairments in schizophrenia. Ventral striatal activity during reward anticipation is generally reduced in patients with schizophrenia and specifically correlates with apathy. However, little is known about the cortico-striatal functional connectivity in patients with schizophrenia during reward anticipation and its relation to negative symptoms.

Neurophysiological correlates of disorder-related autobiographical memory in anorexia nervosa.

Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by an overgeneralization of food/body-related autobiographical memories (AM). This is regarded as an emotion regulation strategy with adverse long-term effects implicated in disorder maintenance and treatment resistance. Therefore, we aimed to examine neural correlates of food/body-related AM-recall in AN.

Neuroimaging of hypothalamic mechanisms related to glucose metabolism in anorexia nervosa and obesity.

BACKGROUNDGiven the heightened tolerance to self-starvation in anorexia nervosa (AN), a hypothalamic dysregulation of energy and glucose homeostasis has been hypothesized. Therefore, we investigated whether hypothalamic reactivity to glucose metabolism is impaired in AN.METHODSTwenty-four participants with AN, 28 normal-weight participants, and 24 healthy participants with obesity underwent 2 MRI sessions in a single-blind, randomized, case-controlled crossover study.

The influence of homeostatic mechanisms on neural regulation of food craving in anorexia nervosa.

Background: Restrictive food intake in anorexia nervosa (AN) has been related to an overactive cognitive control network inhibiting intuitive motivational responses to food stimuli. However, the influence of short-term homeostatic signaling on the neural regulation of cue-induced food craving in AN is still unclear.

Methods: Twenty-five women with AN and 25 matched normal-weight women were examined on two occasions after receiving either glucose or water directly into their stomach using a nasogastric tube.

Neural Processing of Disorder-Related Stimuli in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa: A Narrative Review of Brain Imaging Studies.

Abnormalities and alterations in brain function are commonly associated with the etiology and maintenance of anorexia nervosa (AN). Different symptom categories of AN have been correlated with distinct neurobiological patterns in previous studies. The aim of this literature review is to provide a narrative overview of the investigations into neural correlates of disorder-specific stimuli in patients with AN.

Shared and dissociable features of apathy and reward system dysfunction in bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia.

Background: Bipolar disorder I (BD-I) is defined by episodes of mania, depression and euthymic states. These episodes are among other symptoms characterized by altered reward processing and negative symptoms (NS), in particular apathy. However, the neural correlates of these deficits are not well understood.

The effect of intestinal glucose load on neural regulation of food craving.

Excess sugar consumption, particularly in the form of sweetened beverages, has been identified as a pivotal contributor to the epidemic of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. However, the impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on food craving is still inconclusive. Therefore, the present study aimed to specifically investigate the effects of an intestinal glucose load on neural processing of food cues.

Altered functional connectivity in binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa: A resting-state fMRI study.

Introduction: The etiology of bulimic-type eating (BTE) disorders such as binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN) is still largely unknown. Brain networks subserving the processing of rewards, emotions, and cognitive control seem to play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of eating disorders. Therefore, further investigations into the neurobiological underpinnings are needed to discern abnormal connectivity patterns in BTE disorders.

Deficits in context-dependent adaptive coding in early psychosis and healthy individuals with schizotypal personality traits.

Adaptive coding of information is a fundamental principle of brain functioning. It allows for efficient representation over a large range of inputs and thereby alleviates the limited coding range of neurons. In the present study, we investigated for the first time potential alterations in context-dependent reward adaptation and its association with symptom dimensions in the schizophrenia spectrum.

Motor imagery in chronic neglect: An fMRI pilot study.

Aim: Previous studies indicate the effectiveness of motor imagery training in stroke patients. To determine whether patients showing chronic visuospatial neglect symptoms may profit from motor imagery training, it is important to assess how the brain implements motor imagery when cortical systems involved in attentional control are impaired.

Method: Therefore, in this pilot study, nine chronic neglect patients with right-hemispheric stroke performed motor imagery of a finger opposition task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Neural Food Reward Processing in Successful and Unsuccessful Weight Maintenance.

Objective: Weight loss maintenance is one of the biggest challenges in behavioral weight loss programs. The present study aimed to examine metabolic influences on the mesolimbic reward system in people with successful and unsuccessful long-term weight loss maintenance.

Methods: Thirty-three women with obesity at least 6 months after the completion of a diet were recruited: seventeen women were able to maintain their weight loss, whereas sixteen showed weight regain.

Time course of adiponectin and its relationship to psychological aspects in patients with anorexia nervosa during inpatient treatment.

Objective: The protein hormone adiponectin promotes metabolic and psychological health. The aim of the study was to track changes in adiponectin levels in response to weight gain and to assess associations between adiponectin and psychological aspects in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN).

Methods: To investigate if adiponectin levels depend on AN severity, data were assessed from 11 inpatients with a very low body mass index (BMI) and a high chronicity (high severity group; HSS), and nine with less severe symptoms (LSS).

Psychometric evaluation of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) in a German sample.

Anhedonia, or the inability to experience pleasure, is commonly observed in schizophrenia. It has been suggested that patients with schizophrenia are unable to predict future pleasurable events, but show intact experience of in-the-moment pleasure. Therefore, the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS), a self-report measure allowing the assessment of anticipatory and consummatory pleasure, has been developed.