Trends in serious quit attempts in the United States, 2009-14.

Background And Aims: Quitting smoking is the most potent way to reduce the health risks associated with smoking cigarettes, and public health objectives in the United States include dramatic increases in the proportion of smokers making a serious quit attempt each year. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has, since 2000, set as its Healthy People 2020 objective to encourage 80% of smokers to make a serious quit attempt per year. This study assessed the trend in quit attempts from 2009 to 2014.

Assigning dose of nicotine gum by time to first cigarette.

Introduction: Nicotine gum, a proven effective aid to cessation, comes in two doses: 2-mg and 4-mg. Assignment to the higher dose has traditionally been based on daily cigarette consumption. This paper evaluates efficacy of the gum when the 4-mg dose is assigned based on time to first cigarette (TTFC) being ≤ 30 min.

Crossing a border for a low-cost, high-risk environment: smoking status and excessive drinking among young adults in Tijuana.

This study examines the drinking and smoking behavior of 2,311 college-age adults traveling from San Diego, California, to Tijuana, Mexico (December 2006 to December 2008). We describe this Border sample's drinking history and smoking status and estimate multivariate models of evening drinking participation and, conditional on drinking, blood alcohol concentration. Noting limitations, we present implications for identifying young adults at high risk for alcohol and tobacco use, particularly females, and lay the foundation for further research examining young adults? alcohol and tobacco use in reduced price scenarios.

Rapid absorption of nicotine from new nicotine gum formulations.

Rationale: A clinically limiting feature of currently-available nicotine gum is its slow rate of nicotine delivery and consequently slow onset of therapeutic effects. Previous research suggested that a nicotine hydrogen tartrate gum (NHTG1) that delivered nicotine more rapidly provided more effective craving relief. A subsequent gum formulation (NTHG2) was developed to further increase speed of delivery.

UK smokers' and ex-smokers' reactions to cigarettes promising reduced risk.

Aims: This study evaluated the impact of exposure to information about a novel cigarette claiming to reduce exposure to tobacco toxins ('potential reduced exposure product' cigarette or PREP-C) on smokers' and ex-smokers' perceptions of PREP-C, on quit interest among smokers and on interest in resuming smoking among ex-smokers.

Design And Participants: A random digit-dialed telephone survey was conducted in the United Kingdom with 500 current smokers and 106 ex-smokers who had quit within the last 2 years.

Intervention: The interviewer described a novel cigarette that claimed to significantly reduce exposure to smoke toxins.

Tobacco control policies and the concurrent use of smokeless tobacco and cigarettes among men, 1992-2002.

Accelerating the decline in smoking prevalence requires an understanding of changes in the concurrent use of and the substitution between different tobacco products, such as smokeless tobacco (SLT) and cigarettes. SLT could play an important role in reducing the toll of smoking-related illness and premature mortality. Research examining the role of tobacco control policies in explaining concurrent use of SLT and cigarettes has been minimal.

Tobacco harm reduction: conceptual structure and nomenclature for analysis and research.

The goal of tobacco control has always been to reduce death and disease due to tobacco use. Recent discussions have broadened the concept of tobacco control beyond cessation and prevention to include concepts such as the use of medications to achieve reduction in tobacco use, chemoprevention to reduce disease, modifications of tobacco products to reduce toxicity, and behavioral approaches to change smoking and tobacco use behavior. Within each of these broad domains, diverse approaches have been suggested.