Flower-visiting insects of genus (Myrtales: Melastomataceae) at the Fushan Botanical Garden, Taiwan.

Background: We investigated the diversity and behaviour of insects that visit flowers of four native (Family Melastomataceae) species of Taiwan and a horticultural hybrid species at the Fushan Botanical Garden, Taiwan biweekly from May to August 2020. Visits of flower-visiting insects were classified into seven behavioural categories, based on the insects' behaviour and positions on the flower. The data are further assigned into four insect-flower interactions, namely pollination, herbivory, commensalism and neutralism.

Bird and bat predation services in tropical forests and agroforestry landscapes.

Understanding distribution patterns and multitrophic interactions is critical for managing bat- and bird-mediated ecosystem services such as the suppression of pest and non-pest arthropods. Despite the ecological and economic importance of bats and birds in tropical forests, agroforestry systems, and agricultural systems mixed with natural forest, a systematic review of their impact is still missing. A growing number of bird and bat exclosure experiments has improved our knowledge allowing new conclusions regarding their roles in food webs and associated ecosystem services.