Social Determinants of Health Education Within Family Medicine Clerkships: A CERA Study.

Background And Objectives: Social determinants of health (SDoH) education has gained popularity in undergraduate medical education; however, emphasis varies, and the curricula or assessment methods are not uniform. This study sought to examine the current SDoH teaching and assessment methods within family medicine clerkships and to identify characteristics associated with SDoH curriculum with multicomponent (two or more) teaching strategies and higher Kirkpatrick levels of assessment (Level 3-behavior change and Level 4-results).

Methods: An online survey was conducted through the 2023 Council of Academic Family Medicine Educational Research Alliance (CERA) Clerkship Directors Survey.

Promoting diversity, equity and inclusion awareness in clinical documentation through postgraduate year one training.

Background And Purpose: As healthcare providers increasingly focus on emerging issues of diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) in patient care, less is known about the training in postgraduate year one (PGY1) pharmacy residency on DEI clinical documentation considerations. This pilot project explored whether training, discussion and self-reflection within a peer review activity promoted DEI self-awareness in clinical documentation through a centralized curriculum of a multisite PGY1.

Educational Activity And Setting: Building upon an established peer review of clinical documentation activity, PGY1 pharmacy residents practicing in ambulatory care settings received training on DEI considerations and completed small and large group discussions, a post-activity mixed methods survey with self-reflection prompts, and a three-month follow-up survey.

Beginning Early: Reflective Practice Development in a Pre-health Course on Health Literacy and Health Disparities.

: Learning reflective practices and understanding the complexity of health literacy and health disparities need to start early in health professions training. The primary objective of this inquiry was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of using reflection categorization for assessing learner progression on reflective practice development. The secondary objective was to evaluate student reflection as a strategy for introducing and advancing pre-professional learners' understanding of health literacy and health disparities.

Shifts in Pharmacists' Responsibilities in Family Medicine Residency Programs during COVID-19.

: The role of clinical pharmacists in family medicine residency programs (FMRPs) has become increasingly commonplace in the last several years, with mixed responsibilities, however largely involving teaching and patient care. The COVID-19 pandemic affected all facets of healthcare, pharmacists included. Assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on the role of the pharmacist in FMRPs is needed.

Addressing practical challenges with entrustable professional activities in ambulatory care experiential education.

Background And Purpose: Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) have been adopted and endorsed by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy as an assessment strategy. Application of EPAs in ambulatory care advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) has demonstrated potential internal grading consistency challenges and warrants further guidance.

Educational Activity And Setting: Within a required ambulatory care APPE, a rubric was developed using purposeful and convenience sampling of preceptors, faculty, and students to concretely delineate expected EPA level progression from week one to week four based on setting specific activities.

Drug Prescribing: New Drugs and Drug Classes in Family Medicine.

New drug approvals and safety information are constantly being released. Staying up-to-date can be a daunting task for family physicians. Several electronic resources provide valuable, concise information directly.

Drug Prescribing: Clinical Pharmacists in Family Medicine.

Clinical pharmacists have added value to family medicine practices for decades. Postgraduate residency training and board certification are recommended for pharmacists in clinical and educational roles. Clinical pharmacists contribute to interprofessional health care teams by providing comprehensive medication management to ensure that drugs are safe, effective, and appropriate for the patients' conditions.

The Report of the 2020-2021 Professional Affairs Standing Committee: Pharmacists' Unique Role and Integration in Healthcare Settings.

The 2020-21 Professional Affairs Committee was charged to (1) Read all six reports from the 2019-20 AACP standing committees to identify elements of these reports that are relevant to the committee's work this year; (2) Identify opportunities and models of integration of pharmacist care services in physician and other health provider practices beyond primary care; (3) Differentiate and make the case for the integration of pharmacist care services from that of other mid-level providers; and (4) From the work on the aforementioned charges, identify salient activities for the Center To Accelerate Pharmacy Practice Transformation and Academic Innovation (CTAP) for consideration by the AACP Strategic Planning Committee and AACP staff. This report provides information on the committee's process to address the committee charges, describes the rationale for and the results from a call to colleges and schools of pharmacy to provide information on their integrating pharmacist care services in physician and other health provider practices beyond primary care practice, and discusses how pharmacist-provided patient care services differ from those provided by other healthcare providers. The committee offers a revision to a current association policy statement, a proposed policy statement as well as recommendations to CTAP and AACP and suggestions to colleges and schools of pharmacy pertaining to the committee charges.

Pharmacists Are Not Mid-Level Providers.

Pharmacists should not be classified as "mid-level" providers. This classification implies that there are different levels or a hierarchy of providers when in fact each health care provider brings unique and essential knowledge and contributions to the health care team and to the care of patients. Pharmacists are no exception.

Trends in Clinical Pharmacist Integration in Family Medicine Residency Programs in North America.

(1) : To determine the change in prevalence of clinical pharmacists as clinician educators within family medicine residency programs (FMRPs) in North America and to describe their clinical, educational and administrative scope over time. (2) : A systematic review of the literature was performed starting with an electronic search of PubMed and Embase for articles published between January 1980 and December 2019. Studies were included if they surveyed clinical pharmacists regarding their clinical, educational, or other roles in FMRPs in the United States or Canada.

Tracked Patient Encounters During Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences and Skill Self-assessment Using Entrustable Professional Activities.

To determine if the number of patient encounters during advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) relates to student self-assessment of patient care skills using entrustable professional activities (EPAs). During 12-week acute care/institutional (AC/INST) APPEs, 15-week combined community pharmacy and ambulatory care (CPAC) APPEs, and three 5-week AC/INST or CPAC elective APPEs, fourth-year pharmacy students completed patient tracking surveys. Students documented the number of encounters, type of care provided, primary and secondary diagnoses, and special dosing/population considerations.

Educational Prescriptions to Document Evidence-Based Medicine Questions in Ambulatory Care Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences.

To design, implement, and assess the use of "educational prescriptions" or Education Rx assignments in advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) in ambulatory care, and to assess the impact of the assignments on Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students' self-efficacy to practice evidence-based medicine (EBM). Students enrolled in select ambulatory care APPEs completed up to four Education Rx assignments. The assignments required students to report the context of the question, source of information, results, appraisal of validity, and relevance of the evidence, and to answer the clinical question.

Partnering for a Sustainable Interprofessional Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Education Curriculum.

Background: The World Health Organization recommends that health care educators create a collaborative and practice-ready workforce. Focused interprofessional education (IPE) promotes collaborative practice, yet few examples of how to develop sustained IPE and clinical partnerships exist. Mental health care professionals competent in their specialty and prepared for interprofessional collaboration are needed to treat complex mental health needs of patients.

Preceptor and resident perceptions of entrustable professional activities for postgraduate pharmacy training.

Background: Following the development and implementation of entrustable professional activities (EPAs) as a collective graduation standard for pharmacy students, the University of Minnesota's multi-site post-graduate year one pharmacy residency program made a similar transition.

Educational Activity And Setting: An electronic survey was distributed to program preceptors and residents to describe the perceptions of using EPAs to assess performance.

Findings: Residents (66.

Clinical Pharmacist Faculty Contribution to Evidence-Based Medicine and Milestones.

Introduction: Family medicine residency programs (FMRPs) endeavor to meet evidence-based medicine (EBM) subcompetencies through the milestones project. Comprehensive descriptions of clinical pharmacists' contributions in teaching EBM within the context of residency are limited.

Methods: Over a study period of 2 months, clinical pharmacists across five FMRPs in four states were invited to track their interactions with physician residents.

Integration of Clinical Pharmacists in Family Medicine Residency Programs.

Background And Objectives: Clinical pharmacists are valued educators and practitioners within family medicine residency programs (FMRPs). Since the last survey of clinical pharmacists within FMRPs, there have been significant advancements to pharmacy education and training as well as growth of interprofessional education and collaborative practice within family medicine. The objective of this study is to describe the integration of clinical pharmacists within FMRPs.

Clinical Pharmacists as Educators in Family Medicine Residency Programs: A CERA Study of Program Directors.

Background And Objectives: The clinical pharmacist's role within family medicine residency programs (FMRPs) is well established. However, there is limited information regarding perceptions of program directors (PDs) about clinical pharmacy educators. The study objectives were (1) to estimate the prevalence of clinical pharmacists within FMRPs and (2) to determine barriers and motivations for incorporation of clinical pharmacists as educators.

Tracking Patient Encounters and Clinical Skills to Determine Competency in Ambulatory Care Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences.

Objective: To determine if the amount of exposure to patient encounters and clinical skills correlates to student clinical competency on ambulatory care advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs).

Design: Students in ambulatory care APPEs tracked the number of patients encountered by medical condition and the number of patient care skills performed. At the end of the APPE, preceptors evaluated students' competency for each medical condition and skill, referencing the Dreyfus model for skill acquisition.

Assessing collaboration between family medicine residents and pharmacy residents during an interprofessional paired visit.

Background And Objectives: As health care embraces an interprofessional team approach toward care delivery, examples quantifying team members' collaboration in care delivery are limited. Our study objective was to determine the type of and satisfaction with collaboration that occurs between family medicine residents and pharmacy residents during an interprofessional paired visit.

Methods: For 1 half day a week for 10 months, residents were paired to see patients together and complete an evaluation tool.

Optimizing resident physician use of clinical pharmacy services.

Background And Objectives: Clinical pharmacists provide pharmacy services in family medicine residency programs across the nation. Currently, clinical pharmacy services are not optimally used by most residents. The objective of this study was to design strategies to educate family medicine resident physicians on optimal use of clinical pharmacy services.

The expanding role of Minnesota pharmacists in primary care.

Changes to pharmacy education have paralleled changes in the role pharmacists play in primary care. Today, pharmacists are often members of the health care team, providing medication management services to help patients control chronic illnesses and working to prevent adverse drug events by educating and guiding prescribers. This article describes the role of pharmacists today and what they are doing to improve outcomes related to patient care.

Case-based assessment in an online nursing pharmacotherapy course.

Objective: To implement and evaluate the effectiveness of case-based assessments in an online pharmacotherapy course for nursing students.

Design: Four case-based examinations developed in parallel for the midterm and final examinations and designed to address potential barriers to maintaining academic integrity were compared.

Assessment: The use of online, case-based assessments was successful in providing 4 parallel examinations that assessed case-based decision making while maintaining academic integrity and minimizing instructor grading burden.

Student-generated questions to assess learning in an online orientation to pharmacy course.

Objective: To develop a formative assessment strategy for use in an online pharmacy orientation course that fosters student engagement with the course content and facilitates a manageable grading workload for the instructor.

Design: A formative assessment strategy involving student-generated, multiple-choice questions was developed for use in a high-enrollment, online course.

Assessment: Three primary outcomes were assessed: success of the assessment in effectively engaging students with the content, interrater reliability of the grading rubric, and instructor perception of grading workload.

PURLs: Add a fibrate to a statin?

For most patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia, adding a fibrate does not improve cardiovascular outcomes.

Evaluation of pharmacists' barriers to the implementation of medication therapy management services.

Objectives: To assess pharmacists' actual and perceived barriers to implementing medication therapy management (MTM) services in the outpatient setting and to assess demographic and other factors associated with identified barriers.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: United States in 2007.