A comparison of single-dose caudal clonidine, morphine, or hydromorphone combined with ropivacaine in pediatric patients undergoing ureteral reimplantation.

Background: Caudal blockade is a common technique for pediatric postoperative analgesia. While safe and effective, caudal opioids are associated with troublesome side effects. Caudal clonidine may offer significant analgesic benefits.