Evolutionary transition of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae to multidrug-resistant hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae: Indian experience.

An emerging pathotype of Klebsiella pneumoniae, initially identified in Southeast Asian countries, has now spread to multiple countries, including India. These convergent strains, carrying both resistance and virulence determinants, are classified as multidrug-resistant Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (MDR-HvKp). Since the initial reports, there has been a concerning surge in infections caused by this pathotype globally.

Global diversity and antimicrobial resistance of typhoid fever pathogens: Insights from a meta-analysis of 13,000 Typhi genomes.

Background: The Global Typhoid Genomics Consortium was established to bring together the typhoid research community to aggregate and analyse serovar Typhi (Typhi) genomic data to inform public health action. This analysis, which marks 22 years since the publication of the first Typhi genome, represents the largest Typhi genome sequence collection to date (n=13,000).

Methods: This is a meta-analysis of global genotype and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) determinants extracted from previously sequenced genome data and analysed using consistent methods implemented in open analysis platforms GenoTyphi and Pathogenwatch.

Is it time to move on to gene-based Salmonella typing: Evidence and implications.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is the major cause of foodborne infections globally, with considerable morbidity and mortality. The accurate identification of Salmonella serovars is important in disease management and public health surveillance. However, traditional serotyping methods are laborious, time-consuming and may produce ambiguous results.

Genomic analysis of Brucella melitensis reveals new insights into phylogeny and evolutionary divergence.

Purpose: Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease caused by genus Brucella. The disease is often transmitted to humans by direct or indirect contact with infected livestock or from laboratory exposure. In this study two clinical isolates of Brucella melitensis were subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS) using Ion Torrent PGM and Oxford Nanopore MinIon platform.

A secular trend in invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella in South India, 2000-2020: Identification challenges and antibiogram.

Purpose: Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in African countries. However, the incidence in Indian subcontinent remains poorly documented. This study has assessed the incidence of iNTS in India with a perspective on its AMR profiles and serovar distribution for a period of 21 years from 2000 to 2020 from a tertiary care centre in South India.

Genomic Characterization of Mobile Genetic Elements Associated With Carbapenem Resistance of From India.

With the excessive genome plasticity, can acquire and disseminate antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes often associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Analyzing the genetic environment of resistance genes often provides valuable information on the origin, emergence, evolution, and spread of resistance. Thus, we characterized the genomic features of some clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant (CRAb) to understand the role of diverse MGEs and their genetic context responsible for disseminating carbapenem resistance genes.

Hybrid Plasmids Encoding Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Traits Among Hypervirulent ST2096 in India.

Background: Hypervirulent variants of (HvKp) were typically associated with a broadly antimicrobial susceptible clone of sequence type (ST) 23 at the time of its emergence. Concerningly, HvKp is now also emerging within multidrug-resistant (MDR) clones, including ST11, ST15, and ST147. MDR-HvKp either carry both the virulence and resistance plasmids or carry a large hybrid plasmid coding for both virulence and resistance determinants.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile in Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A: Presenting the Current Scenario in India and Strategy for Future Management.

Background: Systematic studies to estimate the disease burden of typhoid and paratyphoid in India are limited. Therefore, a multicenter study on the Surveillance of Enteric Fever in India was carried out to estimate the incidence, clinical presentation, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trend. The data presented here represent the national burden of AMR in Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A.

Draft genome sequences data of rare sub sp. serovar Ceyco and serovar Hillegersberg isolated from diarrheal patients in India.

We report here the draft genome sequence of two rare serotypes, isolated from human faecal samples in India. The isolates were identified as subsp serovar Ceyco and serovar Hillegersberg by Wole genome sequencing (WGS) based serotype prediction. The genomic similarity of study isolates was identified by clustering with the global collection of sp.

Relevance of immune response and vaccination strategies of SARS-CoV-2 in the phase of viral red queen dynamics.

Background: Following a relatively mild first wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India, a deadly second wave of the pandemic overwhelmed the healthcare system due to the emergence of fast-transmitting SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants. The emergence and spread of the B.1.

Evolutionary Tracking of SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variants Highlights an Intricate Balance of Stabilizing and Destabilizing Mutations.

The currently ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has accounted for millions of infections and deaths across the globe. Genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 are being published daily in public databases and the availability of these genome data sets has allowed unprecedented access to the mutational patterns of SARS-CoV-2 evolution. We made use of the same genomic information for conducting phylogenetic analysis and identifying lineage-specific mutations.

Hybrid genome assembly of reveals the novel finding of chromosomal integration of an IncFII plasmid carrying a gene.

Azithromycin is increasingly being used for the treatment of shigellosis despite a lack of interpretative guidelines and with limited clinical evidence. The present study determined azithromycin susceptibility and correlated this with macrolide-resistance genes in spp. isolated from stool specimens in Vellore, India.

Salmonella Typhi acquires diverse plasmids from other Enterobacteriaceae to develop cephalosporin resistance.

Background: Recent reports have established the emergence and dissemination of extensively drug resistant (XDR) H58 Salmonella Typhi clone in Pakistan. In India where typhoid fever is endemic, only sporadic cases of ceftriaxone resistant S. Typhi are reported.

Comparative genomics of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae CC320/271 serotype 19F/19A before the introduction of pneumococcal vaccine in India.

The emergence of multi drug resistant clone CC320 serotype19F/19A and their capsular (cps) antigenic variants due to selective pressures such as vaccine had been reported worldwide. Hence, it is important to identify the prevalent clones, sequence types and cps variants of serotype 19F/19A in India, where PCV13 has been recently introduced. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for all (n = 21) invasive S.

Distinctive Mobile Genetic Elements Observed in the Clonal Expansion of Carbapenem-Resistant in India.

(Kp), a common multidrug-resistant pathogen, causes a wide spectrum of nosocomial infections with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The emergence of pan drug-resistant international high-risk clones such as ST258, ST14, ST15, ST147, and ST101 is a global concern. This study was performed to investigate the carbapenemases, the plasmid profile, and the clonal relationship among Indian .

A nineteen-year report of serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility of enteric non-typhoidal from humans in Southern India: changing facades of taxonomy and resistance trend.

Background: The steady increase in the proportion of Non-typhoidal (NTS) infections in humans represents a major health problem worldwide. The current study investigated the serovar distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility trends of NTS isolated from faecal samples during the period 2000-2018.

Methods: Faecal specimens of patients were cultured according to standard lab protocol.

MLST based serotype prediction for the accurate identification of non typhoidal Salmonella serovars.

Traditional serotyping based on the phenotypic variation of O- and H-antigen remains as the gold-standard for the identification and classification of Salmonella isolates for last 70 years. Although this classification is a globally recognized nomenclature, huge diversity of Salmonella serotypes have made the serovar identification to be very complex. Seven gene multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on the other hand can provide serovar prediction as well as the evolutionary origin between the serovars.

Genomic evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 in India and vaccine impact.

Recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and subsequent containment procedures have impacted the world as never seen before. Therefore, there is considerable curiosity about the genome evolution related to the origin, transmission and vaccine impact of this virus. We have analysed genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from Indian patients to gain an in-depth understanding of genomic evolution and transmission in India.

Diversity of Uncultured Magnetospirillum sp. from the Sediments of South Kerala Sedimentary Basin, India.

Studies on the geographic distribution of Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) revealed their ubiquitous presence in diverse habitats on all continents. However, little is known about MTB inhabitation in the Indian coastal ecosystem. Here, we investigate the diversity of Magnetospirillum sp.

Draft genome sequence of carbapenem-resistant Elizabethkingia anophelis strain BP8467 clinical isolate from India.

Objectives: Elizabethkingia spp. are Gram-negative, glucose-non-fermenting bacilli that are ubiquitous in natural environments such as soil, plant and water sources. Besides environmental sources, the bacterium can be found in hospital environments, particularly medical equipment and reagents.

Immobilisation of lipase enzyme onto bacterial magnetosomes for stain removal.

Lipase was immobilized onto bacterial magnetosomes using glutaraldehyde cross-linking and confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Enzyme activity of immobilised lipase as well as free lipase was estimated by the release of p-nitro phenol due to the hydrolysis of -nitro phenyl acetate (pNPA). The immobilisation yield of lipase onto magnetosome was found to be 88 %.