Effects of ZnO/TiO nanoparticle and TiO nanotube additions to dense polycrystalline hydroxyapatite bioceramic from bovine bones.

Objectives: A bovine dense hydroxyapatite ceramic (HA) was produced as new biomaterial, however, the production of a material with consistently high flexural strength remains challenging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ZnO nanoparticles, TiO nanoparticles, and TiO nanotubes (1%, 2%, and 5% by weight) on the microstructure and flexural strength of a bovine dense hydroxyapatite ceramic (HA).

Methods: Discs (Ø=12.