Prepubertal Gynecomastia Due to Indirect Exposure to Nonformulary Bioidentical Hormonal Replacement Therapy: A Case Report.

Background: Gynecomastia is a disorder of the endocrine system characterized by an abnormal presence of a palpable unilateral or bilateral enlargement and proliferation of glandular ductal benign breast tissue in male individuals. This case discusses the medical implications of an unregulated, indirect exposure to nonformulary, bioidentical hormone replacement therapy in male children.

Case: An 8-year-old boy presented with prepubertal gynecomastia secondary to estrogen exposure from maternal use of bioidentical hormonal replacement therapy (the Wiley protocol).

Renal volumes measured by 3-dimensional sonography in healthy fetuses from 20 to 40 weeks.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish reference values for fetal kidney volumes as a function of gestational age, estimated by 3-dimensional sonography using the Virtual Organ Computer-Aided Analysis (VOCAL) technique (GE Healthcare, Kretztechnik, Zipf, Austria).

Methods: Volumes of right and left kidneys were assessed in 213 healthy fetuses by 3-dimensional sonography using the VOCAL technique. Inclusion criteria were healthy women with singleton pregnancies, unremarkable comprehensive fetal sonographic findings, well-known gestational age established by first-trimester sonography, and gestational ages between 20 and 40 weeks.

Maternal serum hormonal factors in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.

Unlabelled: The etiology of preeclampsia (PE) remains unknown. There are many different etiopathogenetic theories that have been proposed. One theory is based on immunologic factors that may be regulated by hormones.