Selection versus socialization effects of peer norms on adolescent cigarette use.

Adolescent smokers tend to have friends who also smoke. This association has been attributed to peer socialization and peer selection effects. However, evidence regarding timing and relative magnitude of these effects is mixed.

Comparison of Early Outcomes for Normothermic and Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children Undergoing Congenital Heart Surgery.

Comparison of early outcomes of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (N-CPB, ≥35°C) with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (H-CPB, 28-34°C) for congenital heart defects. Data from 99 patients <2 years operated with N-CPB ( = 48) or H-CPB ( = 51) were retrospectively reviewed: aortic X-clamping and CPB duration, vasoactive inotropic score (VIS), arterial lactate, pH and base excess, urine output, extubation, PICU stay, transfusion requirements, chest drain losses, costs of transfusions, and costs of PICU stay. The two groups were homogeneous for diagnosis, risk factors, surgery and demographic variables: N-CPB age 7.

It's the talk: a study of involvement initiatives in secure mental health settings.

Background: A study of involvement initiatives within secure mental health services across one UK region, where these have been organized to reflect alliances between staff and service users. There is little previous relevant international research, but constraints upon effective involvement have been noted.

Objective: To explore and evaluate involvement initiatives in secure mental health settings.

Epidemiology and outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a 9-year experience.

The aim of this study was to report the birth prevalence and short-term outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in a large geographically defined population, and to assess the feasibility of performing a randomised control trial (RCT) in this population. Data were collected on all cases of CDH reported to the East Midlands and South Yorkshire Congenital Anomalies Register between 1997 and 2005. A total of 194 cases of CDH were identified from 547,025 births; a birth prevalence of 3.

Therapeutic hypothermia in traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death by trauma in adults in the United States and a major contributor to permanent physical, emotional, and psychological disabilities. Therapeutic hypothermia, defined as cooling of the body to less than 36 degrees C, has been shown to decrease mortality and morbidity and improve long-term outcomes by protecting the brain from secondary brain injury. The most commonly seen benefits of hypothermic temperatures of 32 degrees C to 33 degrees C are a significant reduction in intracranial hypertension and improved cerebral perfusion and oxygenation.

Woodstoves uncovered: a paediatric problem.

Objectives: To document and describe the effects of woodstove burns in children. To identify how these accidents occur so that a prevention strategy can be devised.

Design, Patients And Setting: Retrospective departmental database and case note review of all children with woodstove burns seen at the Burns Unit of a Tertiary Referral Children's Hospital between January 1997 and September 2001.