Notch controls the cell cycle to define leader versus follower identities during collective cell migration.

Coordination of cell proliferation and migration is fundamental for life, and its dysregulation has catastrophic consequences, such as cancer. How cell cycle progression affects migration, and vice versa, remains largely unknown. We address these questions by combining in silico modelling and in vivo experimentation in the zebrafish trunk neural crest (TNC).

Variables associated with administration of analgesia, nurse-initiated analgesia and early analgesia in the emergency department.

Objective: To determine the patient and clinical variables associated with administration of any analgesia, nurse-initiated analgesia (NIA, prescribed and administered by a nurse) and early analgesia (within 30 min of presentation).

Methods: We undertook a retrospective cohort study of patients who presented to a metropolitan ED in Melbourne, Australia, during July and August, 2013. The ED has an established NIA programme.

The TARGET pain study: Lessons from a painful marathon.

This perspective article summarises the experience of conducting a multicentre research project. We describe expected and unexpected hurdles we experienced as well as suggesting possible solutions for researchers embarking on multicentre studies.

Best-practice pain management in the emergency department: A cluster-randomised, controlled, intervention trial.

Objectives: We aimed to provide 'adequate analgesia' (which decreases the pain score by ≥2 and to <4 [0-10 scale]) and determine the effect on patient satisfaction.

Methods: We undertook a multicentre, cluster-randomised, controlled, intervention trial in nine EDs. Patients with moderate pain (pain score of ≥4) were eligible for inclusion.

Par3 controls neural crest migration by promoting microtubule catastrophe during contact inhibition of locomotion.

There is growing evidence that contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is essential for morphogenesis and its failure is thought to be responsible for cancer invasion; however, the molecular bases of this phenomenon are poorly understood. Here we investigate the role of the polarity protein Par3 in CIL during migration of the neural crest, a highly migratory mesenchymal cell type. In epithelial cells, Par3 is localised to the cell-cell adhesion complex and is important in the definition of apicobasal polarity, but the localisation and function of Par3 in mesenchymal cells are not well characterised.

Factors associated with high levels of patient satisfaction with pain management.

Objectives: The objective was to determine, among emergency department (ED) patients, the factors associated with a high level of satisfaction with pain management.

Methods: This was a prospective cohort study in a single ED. Consecutive adult patients, with triage pain scores of ≥4 (numerical rating scale=0 to 10), were enrolled.

Evolution of the Alx homeobox gene family: parallel retention and independent loss of the vertebrate Alx3 gene.

The Alx gene family is implicated in craniofacial development and comprises two to four homeobox genes in each vertebrate genome analyzed. Using phylogenetics and comparative genomics, we show that the common ancestor of jawed vertebrates had three Alx genes descendent from the two-round genome duplications (Alx1, Alx3, Alx4), compared with a single amphioxus gene. Later in evolution one of the paralogues, Alx3, was lost independently from at least three different vertebrate lineages, whereas Alx1 and Alx4 were consistently retained.

Gli2a protein localization reveals a role for Iguana/DZIP1 in primary ciliogenesis and a dependence of Hedgehog signal transduction on primary cilia in the zebrafish.

Background: In mammalian cells, the integrity of the primary cilium is critical for proper regulation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction pathway. Whether or not this dependence on the primary cilium is a universal feature of vertebrate Hedgehog signalling has remained contentious due, in part, to the apparent divergence of the intracellular transduction pathway between mammals and teleost fish.

Results: Here, using a functional Gli2-GFP fusion protein, we show that, as in mammals, the Gli2 transcription factor localizes to the primary cilia of cells in the zebrafish embryo and that this localization is modulated by the activity of the Hh pathway.

Effect of topical alkane vapocoolant spray on pain with intravenous cannulation in patients in emergency departments: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial.

Objective: To assess the efficacy, acceptability, and safety of a topical alkane vapocoolant in reducing pain during intravenous cannulation in adults.

Design: Randomised double blind placebo controlled trial.

Setting: Emergency department of a metropolitan teaching hospital.

Conservation of upstream regulators of scute on the notum of cyclorraphous Diptera.

Bristles on the notum of many cyclorraphous flies are arranged into species-specific stereotyped patterns. Differences in the spatial expression of the proneural gene scute correlate with the positions of bristles in those species looked at so far. However, the examination of a number of genes encoding trans-regulatory factors, such as pannier, stripe, u-shaped, caupolican and wingless, indicates that they are expressed in conserved domains on the prospective notum.

A conserved trans-regulatory landscape for scute expression on the notum of cyclorraphous Diptera.

Bristles on the notum of many cyclorraphous flies are arranged into species-specific stereotyped patterns. The positions of bristles correlate with differences in the spatial expression of the scute (sc) gene in those species examined so far. However, a major upstream activator of scute, Pannier (Pnr), is expressed in a conserved domain over the entire medial notum.

Multidisciplinary assessment at triage: a new way forward.

Objective: To evaluate a dual doctor and nurse triage system at a tertiary referral hospital.

Methods: Data were compared between periods of multidisciplinary triage and periods of standard triage. Data comparison was also made between rostered multidisciplinary triage shifts and non-multidisciplinary triage shifts.

Agonist-specific coupling of a cloned human alpha1A-adrenoceptor to different second messenger pathways.

The agonist-specific coupling properties of the three cloned human alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes have been compared, when expressed at similar levels in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, using noradrenaline and the (+/-)- meta- and (+/-)- para- structural isomers of octopamine as agonists. The alpha(1A)- and the alpha(1B)-adrenoceptor subtypes coupled to both the release of arachidonic acid and to the accumulation of inositol phosphates, whereas the alpha(1D)-adrenoceptor subtype only coupled effectively to the accumulation of inositol phosphates. The rank order of potencies of the three agonists tested was the same for all the three receptor subtypes when coupled to either signalling pathway: noradrenaline > meta-octopamine > para-octopamine.

olig2 is required for zebrafish primary motor neuron and oligodendrocyte development.

Oligodendrocytes are produced from the same region of the ventral spinal cord that earlier generated motor neurons in bird and rodent embryos. Motor neuron and oligodendrocyte precursor cells express Olig genes, which encode basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that play important roles in the development of both motor neurons and oligodendrocytes. We found that oligodendrocytes develop similarly in zebrafish embryos, in that they arise from ventral spinal cord and migrate to new positions.