Venous Thromboembolism in a Transgender Adolescent on Testosterone Therapy: A Case Report and Literature Review.

The incidence of pediatric venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been increasing in the past few decades and can be associated with significant mortality and morbidity. There are known risk factors associated with VTE, including estrogen therapy. However, the relationship between testosterone and VTE remains unclear.

Thrombin up-regulates cathepsin D which enhances angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis.

Cathepsin D (CD) up-regulation has been associated with human malignancy and poor prognosis. Thrombin up-regulated CD mRNA and protein in eight tumor cell lines as well as in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC). Thrombin increased the secretion of CD by 3- to 8-fold and enhanced chemotaxis ( approximately 2-fold) in 4T1 murine mammary CA cells, which was completely inhibited with the knockdown of CD.

Double de novo mutations of ELA2 in cyclic and severe congenital neutropenia.

Heterozygous mutations of ELA2, encoding the protease neutrophil elastase (NE), cause either autosomal dominant cyclic neutropenia or severe congenital neutropenia (SCN). Three hypotheses have been proposed for how allelic mutations produce these different disorders: 1) disruption of proteolytic activity; 2) mislocalization of the protein; or 3) destabilization of the protein resulting in induction of the unfolded protein response. As with other dominant diseases with reduced reproductive fitness, sporadic cases can result from new mutations not inherited from either parent.

The new Enamel Defects Index: testing and expansion.

The Enamel Defects Index (EDI) was created based on three innovative principles: (i) a basic level of the three major categories of defects; (ii) more detailed subcategories of each major category; and (iii) each category scored independently as present [1] or absent [0], simplifying decision making. The aim of this investigation was to further test the index in a number of applications and to expand it to record defect subtype and treatment need. Testing was undertaken by operators with different levels of clinical experience.

Ozonated autohemotherapy in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: influence on lipid profile and endothelium.

Ozonated autohemotherapy (O3-AHT) is used in the treatment of atherosclerotic ischemia of lower limbs (AILL). The impact of ozone on serum lipids and endothelium injury is of particular interest since these factors are important in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. To evaluate this issue, a prospective, placebo-controlled study was designed.