ATPase Valosin-Containing Protein (VCP) Is Involved During the Replication and Egress of Sialodacryoadenitis Virus (SDAV) in Neurons.

Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) has been identified as the etiological agent responsible for the respiratory system and salivary gland infections in rats. The existing literature on SDAV infections is insufficient to address the topic adequately, particularly in relation to the central nervous system. In order to ascertain how SDAV gains access to neuronal cells and subsequently exits, our attention was focused on the small molecule valosin-containing protein (VCP), which is an ATPase.

Antiviral Activity of Graphene Oxide-Silver Nanocomposites Against Murine Betacoronavirus.

Background: The high infectivity of coronaviruses has led to increased interest in developing new strategies to prevent virus spread. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and graphene oxide (GO) have attracted much attention in the antiviral field. We investigated the potential antiviral activity of GO and AgNPs combined in the nanocomposite GO-Ag against murine betacoronavirus MHV using an in vitro model.

In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Extract against Human Herpesvirus Type 1.

Plant polyphenols possess diverse bioactivities, including antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of viruses. Here, we investigated the virucidal properties of an extract using an in vitro model of human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1) infection. Chromatographic analysis indicated that the extract of is rich in various compounds, among which are polyphenols with virucidal activity confirmed in the literature.

Human Adenovirus Entry and Early Events during Infection of Primary Murine Neurons: Immunofluorescence Studies In Vitro.

Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a common pathogen, which can lead to various clinical symptoms and-in some cases-central nervous system (CNS) dysfunctions, such as encephalitis and meningitis. Although the initial events of virus entry have already been identified in various cell types, the mechanism of neuronal uptake of adenoviruses is relatively little understood. The aim of this study was to investigate early events during adenoviral infection, in particular to determine the connection between cellular coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), clathrin, caveolin, and early endosomal proteins (EEA1 and Rab5) with the entry of HAdVs into primary murine neurons in vitro.

Neurons cytoskeletal architecture remodeling during the replication cycle of mouse coronavirus MHV-JHM: a morphological in vitro study.

Nowadays, the population is still struggling with a post-COVID19 syndrome known as long COVID, including a broad spectrum of neurological problems. There is an urgent need for a better understanding and exploration of the mechanisms of coronavirus neurotropism. For this purpose, the neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-JHM) originating from the beta-coronavirus genus, the same as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been used.

Functionalized Noble Metal Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Herpesvirus Infection.

Neuroinfections caused by herpesviruses, mainly by HHV-1, represent a significant problem for modern medicine due to the small number of therapeutic substances available in the pharmaceutical sector. Furthermore, HHV-1 infection has been linked to neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease, which justifies the search for new effective therapies. The development of nanotechnology opens up new possibilities for the treatment of neuroinflammation.

(EHV-1) Influences Morphology and Function of Neuronal Mitochondria In Vitro.

Mitochondria are key cellular organelles responsible for many essential functions, including ATP production, ion homeostasis and apoptosis induction. Recent studies indicate their significant role during viral infection. In the present study, we examined the effects of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection on the morphology and mitochondrial function in primary murine neurons in vitro.

Equid Alphaherpesvirus 1 Modulates Actin Cytoskeleton and Inhibits Migration of Glioblastoma Multiforme Cell Line A172.

Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory diseases, abortion, and neurological disorders in horses. Recently, the oncolytic potential of this virus and its possible use in anticancer therapy has been reported, but its influence on cytoskeleton was not evaluated yet. In the following study, we have examined disruptions in actin cytoskeleton of glioblastoma multiforme in vitro model-A172 cell line, caused by EHV-1 infection.

SDAV, the Rat Coronavirus-How Much Do We Know about It in the Light of Potential Zoonoses.

Sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) is known to be an etiological agent, causing infections in laboratory rats. Until now, its role has only been considered in studies on respiratory and salivary gland infections. The scant literature data, consisting mainly of papers from the last century, do not sufficiently address the topic of SDAV infections.

Human herpesvirus type 2 infection of primary murine astrocytes causes disruption of the mitochondrial network and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton: an in vitro morphological study.

Herpesviruses are capable of infecting not only neurons, where they establish latent infection, but also astrocytes. Since astrocytes are important for the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS), their infection may lead to serious neurological disorders. Thus, in the present study we investigated the ability of human herpesvirus type 2 (HHV-2) to infect primary murine astrocytes in vitro and the effect of infection on their mitochondrial network and actin cytoskeleton.

Participation of Endosomes in Toll-Like Receptor 3 Transportation Pathway in Murine Astrocytes.

TLR3 provides immediate type I IFN response following entry of stimulatory PAMPs into the CNS, as it is in HSV infection. The receptor plays a vital role in astrocytes, contributing to rapid infection sensing and suppression of viral replication, precluding the spread of virus beyond neurons. The route of TLR3 mobilization culminating in the receptor activation remains unexplained.

Polyphenol-Conjugated Bimetallic Au@AgNPs for Improved Wound Healing.

Background: Polyphenols possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties and have been used in the treatment of skin wounds and burns. We previously showed that tannic acid-modified AgNPs sized >26 nm promote wound healing, while tannic acid-modified AgNPs sized 13 nm can elicit strong local inflammatory response. In this study, we tested bimetallic Au@AgNPs sized 30 nm modified with selected flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds for wound healing applications.

Disturbances of mitochondrial dynamics in cultured neurons infected with human herpesvirus type 1 and type 2.

Human herpesvirus types 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2) are neurotropic viruses which remain latent for life and reactivate to cause recurrent infections. HHV-1 has been found to be involved in accumulation of β-amyloid, hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, and inflammation in the brain, which can later result in neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. The relationship between HHV-2 and events associated with neurodegeneration has not been extensively studied.

Nitric Oxide Influences HSV-1-Induced Neuroinflammation.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has the ability to replicate in neurons and glial cells and to produce encephalitis leading to neurodegeneration. Accumulated evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of neurotropic virus infections. NO can exert both cytoprotective as well as cytotoxic effects in the central nervous system (CNS) depending on its concentration, time course exposure, and site of action.

Human herpesvirus type 1 and type 2 disrupt mitochondrial dynamics in human keratinocytes.

Mitochondrial movement and distribution throughout the cytoplasm is crucial for maintaining cell homeostasis. Mitochondria are dynamic organelles but can be functionally disrupted during infection. Here, we show that the ubiquitous human pathogens HHV-1 and HHV-2 induce changes in the mitochondrial morphology and distribution in the early and late phases of productive infection in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells).

The Inhibitory Effect of Ectromelia Virus Infection on Innate and Adaptive Immune Properties of GM-CSF-Derived Bone Marrow Cells Is Mouse Strain-Independent.

Ectromelia virus (ECTV) belongs to the genus of the family and is a natural pathogen of mice. Certain strains of mice are highly susceptible to ECTV infection and develop mousepox, a lethal disease similar to smallpox of humans caused by variola virus. Currently, the mousepox model is one of the available small animal models for investigating pathogenesis of generalized viral infections.

Application of three-dimensional neuronal cell cultures in the studies of mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases.

In vitro models utilizing cells in planar two-dimensional (2D) cultures do not reflect the in vivo environment and are increasingly replaced by three-dimensional (3D) cultures. Fundamental differences between 2D and 3D cell cultures systems include cell attach, spread and grow, their morphology, proliferation, differentiation or gene and protein expression. For that reason 3D models have been proven to be invaluable tools of study for the various fields of science, such as drug discovery, cancer research, differentiation studies or neuroscience.

Dendritic cells during mousepox: The role of delayed apoptosis in the pathogenesis of infection.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are effector cells linking the innate immune system with the adaptive immune response. Many viruses eliminate DCs to prevent host response, induce immunosuppression and to maintain chronic infection. In this study, we examined apoptotic response of dendritic cells during in vitro and in vivo infection with ectromelia virus (ECTV), the causative agent of mousepox.

Influence of long-term equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) infection on primary murine neurons-the possible effects of the multiple passages of EHV-1 on its neurovirulence.

Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), like other members of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, is a neurotropic virus causing latent infections in the nervous system of the natural host. In the present study, we have investigated EHV-1 replication (wild-type Jan-E strain and Rac-H laboratory strain) during long-term infection and during the passages of the virus in cultured neurons. The studies were performed on primary murine neurons, which are an excellent in vitro model for studying neurotropism and neurovirulence of EHV-1.

Mechanisms of endocytosis utilized by viruses during infection.

Viruses, despite being relatively simple in structure and composition, have evolved a broad spectrum of mechanisms to exploit the host cell. To initiate effective infection, viruses or viral genomes have to enter cells. Recently studies have shown that apart from the direct fusion at the plasma membrane, endocytosis is more often the preferred means of entry into the host cell.

A game of survival: herpesvirus strategies of autophagy manipulation.

Viruses are a very "clever" group of pathogens and well known for disrupting multiple processes in host cells. One of them is autophagy, a conserved mechanism that relies on degradation of intracellular structures in lysosomes. Autophagy can be triggered in response to viral infections and its aim is to digest viral particles, thereby limiting virus replication and spread.

[Herpesviruses survival strategies--latency and apoptosis].

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death in response to various stimuli, including virus infection. Herpesviruses have evolved the ability to interfere with apoptosis by its inhibition or activation in host cells. They can interfere with the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis.

Role of cytoskeletal motor proteins in viral infection.

Cytoskeleton, composed of actin filaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments, regulates many processes in the cell, e.g. intracellular transport.

Involvement of Fas and FasL in Ectromelia virus-induced apoptosis in mouse brain.

In this study we showed that the virulent Moscow strain of Ectromelia virus (ECTV-MOS) infection leads to induction of apoptosis in the BALB/c mouse central nervous system. ECTV-MOS-infected cells and inflammation sites were found in brain parenchyma between 5 and 15 days after footpad infection with ECTV-MOS. Infected cells consisted of microglia and monocytes, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and these type of cells underwent apoptosis within 5-15 days post infection (d.

Mousepox conjunctivitis: the role of Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis of epithelial cells in virus dissemination.

BALB/c mice infected with the Moscow strain of Ectromelia virus (ECTV-MOS) show a large number of apoptotic cells, and an influx of lymphoid cells in the epithelium and substantia propria of conjunctivae, respectively. The presence of ECTV-MOS antigens in the epithelium of conjunctivae significantly upregulates Fas in the epithelial layer and FasL in the suprabasal layer of conjunctiva. Inhibition of FasL with blocking antibodies in cultures of conjunctival cells isolated from ECTV-MOS-infected BALB/c mice showed that the Fas/FasL pathway is important in apoptosis of ECTV-MOS-infected cells.