Exploring three levels of interoception in people with functional motor disorders.

Introduction: A three-level model of interoception has recently been defined. We aim to study the interoceptive processing in individuals with functional motor disorder (FMD).

Methods: Twenty-two patients with FMD were compared to 23 healthy controls.

Abnormal Eye and Cranial Movements Triggered by Examination in People with Functional Neurological Disorder.

The diagnosis of functional neurological disorder (FND) relies on the demonstration of positive symptoms and signs, as supported by recent changes in DSM5. We recorded the findings of routine clinical eye movement assessment in 101 consecutive new patients with FND. Clinical examination triggered facial and eye movement disorders in 46% of patients, all with positive characteristics of functional movement disorder.