Transposed-character effects during learning to read: When does letter and non-letter strings processing become different?

Efficient reading requires the association of different letter identities with their positions in the written word. This leads to the development of a specialized mechanism for encoding flexible location-invariant letter positions through learning to read. In this study, we investigated not only the emergence and development of this position coding mechanism but also whether this mechanism is a consequence of the orthographic code (i.

The Effect of Semantic Transparency in a Flanker Task.

This study tried to replicate and extend the semantic transparency morphological effect using the flanker lexical decision paradigm (Grainger et al., 2020). In the first experiment, stems were used as flankers of target words that could be truly morphological (), pseudomorphological (), or form-related with the flanker ().

Cognitive predictors of language abilities in primary school children: A cascaded developmental view.

This study investigated the longitudinal relationship between children's domain-general cognitive constraints underlying phonological and sentence processing development in a big sample of typically developing children. 104 children were tested on non-linguistic processing speed, phonological skills (phonological short term memory, phonological knowledge, phonological working memory), and sentence processing abilities (sentence repetition and receptive grammar) in 1 grade (aged 6 to 6.5) and one year later.

You may point, but do not touch: Impact of gesture-types and cognition on language in typical and atypical development.

Background: Evidence shows that the relation with the referent (object manipulation, contact/no contact pointing) and the different hand features (index finger/open palm) when pointing indicate different levels of cognitive and linguistic attainment in typical development (TD). This evidences the close link between pointing, cognition and language in TD, but this relation is understudied in autism. Moreover, the longitudinal pathway these abilities follow remains unexplored and it is unclear what specific role (predictor or mediator) pointing and cognition have in both typical and atypical language development.

Does the visual attention span play a role in the morphological processing of orthographic stimuli?

We investigated whether the link between visual attention (VA) span and reading is modulated by the presence of morphemes. Second and fourth grade children, with Basque as their first language, named morphologically complex and simple words and pseudowords, and performed a task measuring VA span. The influence of VA span skills on reading was modulated by the presence of morphemes in naming speed measures.

Written Type and Token Frequency Measures of Fifty Spanish Derivational Morphemes.

Several databases of written language exist in Spanish that manage important information on the lexical and sublexical characteristics of words. However, there is no database with information on the productivity and frequency of use of derivational suffixes: sublexical units with an essential role in the formation of orthographic representations and lexical access. This work examines these two measures, known as type and token frequencies, for a series of 50 derivational suffixes and their corresponding orthographic endings.

Cross-linguistic interactions influence reading development in bilinguals: a comparison between early balanced French-Basque and Spanish-Basque bilingual children.

This study investigates whether orthographic consistency and transparency of languages have an impact on the development of reading strategies and reading sub-skills (i.e. phonemic awareness and visual attention span) in bilingual children.

Cognitive characterization of children with Dravet syndrome: A neurodevelopmental perspective.

Dravet syndrome (DS) is an epilepsy of infantile onset, usually related to a mutation in gene sodium channel alpha 1 subunit, that leads to different typological seizures before the first year of life. Although most research has focused on the clinical description of the syndrome, some recent studies have focused on its impact on cognitive development, identifying both motor disorders and visual-processing deficits as basic factors affected in adults and children with DS. In this article, we designed a cross-sectional study to examine the cognitive phenotype of children affected by DS from a neurodevelopmental perspective.

Brain morphometry of Dravet syndrome.

The aim of this study was to identify differential global and local brain structural patterns in Dravet Syndrome (DS) patients as compared with a control subject group, using brain morphometry techniques which provide a quantitative whole-brain structural analysis that allows for specific patterns to be generalized across series of individuals. Nine patients with the diagnosis of DS that tested positive for mutation in the SCN1A gene and nine well-matched healthy controls were investigated using voxel brain morphometry (VBM), cortical thickness and cortical gyrification measurements. Global volume reductions of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) were related to DS.

[Cognitive performance and quality of life in multiple sclerosis in Gipuzkoa].

Introduction: Cognitive impairment and the presence of depressive symptoms, which are commonly found in patients with multiple sclerosis, affect the patients' quality of life. AIM. To describe the quality of life, cognitive compromise and levels of depression, in relation to other clinical variables, in patients with multiple sclerosis in the province of Gipuzkoa.

EHME: a new word database for research in Basque language.

This article presents EHME, the frequency dictionary of Basque structure, an online program that enables researchers in psycholinguistics to extract word and nonword stimuli, based on a broad range of statistics concerning the properties of Basque words. The database consists of 22.7 million tokens, and properties available include morphological structure frequency and word-similarity measures, apart from classical indexes: word frequency, orthographic structure, orthographic similarity, bigram and biphone frequency, and syllable-based measures.

An investigation of the role of grapheme units in word recognition.

In most current models of word recognition, the word recognition process is assumed to be driven by the activation of letter units (i.e., that letters are the perceptual units in reading).

Does Kaniso activate CASINO?: input coding schemes and phonology in visual-word recognition.

Most recent input coding schemes in visual-word recognition assume that letter position coding is orthographic rather than phonological in nature (e.g., SOLAR, open-bigram, SERIOL, and overlap).

Reading development in agglutinative languages: evidence from beginning, intermediate, and adult Basque readers.

Do typological properties of language, such as agglutination (i.e., the morphological process of adding affixes to the lexeme of a word), have an impact on the development of visual word recognition? To answer this question, we carried out an experiment in which beginning, intermediate, and adult Basque readers (n=32 each, average age=7, 11, and 22 years, respectively) needed to read correctly versus incorrectly inflected words embedded in sentences.

Re(de)fining the orthographic neighborhood: the role of addition and deletion neighbors in lexical decision and reading.

The influence of addition and deletion neighbors on visual word identification was investigated in four experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 used Spanish stimuli. In Experiment 1, lexical decision latencies were slower and less accurate for words and nonwords with higher-frequency deletion neighbors (e.

Space information is important for reading.

Reading a text without spaces in an alphabetic language causes disruption at the levels of word identification and eye movement control. In the present experiment, we examined how word discriminability affects the pattern of eye movements when reading unspaced text in an alphabetic language. More specifically, we designed an experiment in which participants read three types of sentences: normally written sentences, regular unspaced sentences, and alternatingbold unspaced sentences.

Eye movements when reading text messaging (txt msgng).

The growing popularity of mobile-phone technology has led to changes in the way people--particularly younger people--communicate. A clear example of this is the advent of Short Message Service (SMS) language, which includes orthographic abbreviations (e.g.

Does letter position coding depend on consonant/vowel status? Evidence with the masked priming technique.

Recently, a number of input coding schemes (e.g., SOLAR model, SERIOL model, open-bigram model, overlap model) have been proposed that capture the transposed-letter priming effect (i.

Normative study of the implicit causality of 100 interpersonal verbs in Spanish.

This study provides normative data on the implicit causality of interpersonal verbs in Spanish. Two experiments were carried out. In Experiment 1, ratings of the implicit causality of 100 verbs classified into four types (agent-patient, agent-evocator, stimulus-experiencer, and experiencer-stimulus) were examined.

The effect of neighborhood frequency in reading: evidence with transposed-letter neighbors.

Transposed-letter effects (e.g., jugde activates judge) pose serious models for models of visual-word recognition that use position-specific coding schemes.

Lexical competition is enhanced in the left hemisphere: evidence from different types of orthographic neighbors.

Two divided visual field lexical decision experiments were conducted to examine the role of the cerebral hemispheres in orthographic neighborhood effects. In Experiment 1, we employed two types of words: words with many substitution neighbors (high-N) and words with few substitution neighbors (low-N). Results showed a facilitative effect of N in the left visual field (i.

The effects of length and transposed-letter similarity in lexical decision: evidence with beginning, intermediate, and adult readers.

Do length and transposed-letter effects reflect developmental changes on reading acquisition in a transparent orthography? Can computational models of visual word recognition accommodate these changes? To answer these questions, we carried out a masked priming lexical decision experiment with Spanish beginning, intermediate, and adult readers (N=36, 44, and 39; average age: 7, 11, and 22 years, respectively). Target words were either short or long (6.5 vs.