Extracellular Vesicles in Mycobacteria and Tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health issue causing millions of infections every year. Of these, about 15% ultimately result in death. Efforts to control TB include development of new and more effective vaccines, novel and more effective drug treatments, and new diagnostics that test for both latent TB Infection and TB disease.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracellular Vesicle Enrichment through Size Exclusion Chromatography.

The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the context of bacterial infection has emerged as a new avenue for understanding microbial physiology. Specifically, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) EVs play a role in the host-pathogen interaction and response to environmental stress. Mtb EVs are also highly antigenic and show potential as vaccine components.

Extraction and Separation of Mycobacterial Proteins.

The extraction and separation of native mycobacterial proteins remain necessary for antigen discovery, elucidation of enzymes to improve rational drug design, identification of physiologic mechanisms, use as reagents for diagnostics, and defining host immune responses. In this chapter, methods for the manipulation of whole mycobacterial cells and culture exudates are described in detail as these methods are the requisite first steps towards native protein isolation. Specifically, several methods for the inactivation of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis along with qualification assays are provided, as this is key to safe manipulation of cell pastes for downstream processes.

Randomized, open-label preference study of two cyclosporine capsule formulations (usp modified) in stable solid-organ transplant recipients.

Background: Prior research has indicated patient dissatisfaction with the odor, size, and taste of cyclosporine capsules, as well as the halitosis and body odor the capsules can cause.

Objectives: The purposes of this investigation were to (1) compare the overall cyclosporine capsule preference (Gengraf vs Neoral) in stable, solid-organ transplant recipients, (2) assess patient preference based on specific capsule attributes, and (3) determine the reliability of the Cyclosporine Capsule SatiSfaCtion Survey (original to this study).

Methods: In this multicenter, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, preference study, patients were recruited from 144 centers in North America with established transplant programs.

Conversion of stable renal allograft recipients to a bioequivalent cyclosporine formulation.

Background: Gengraf capsule, an AB-rated generic cyclosporine for Neoral, has been shown to be bioequivalent in previous studies. The purpose of this pharmacokinetic study performed in stable renal transplant recipients was to evaluate interchangeability of Gengraf and Neoral.

Methods: Using an open-label, three-period design, 50 renal transplant recipients taking stable doses of Neoral completed a multicenter study.