Climate Change and Health in Urban Areas with a Mediterranean Climate: A Conceptual Framework with a Social and Climate Justice Approach.

The consequences of climate change are becoming increasingly evident and highlight the important interdependence between the well-being of people and ecosystems. Although climate change is a global phenomenon, its causes and consequences vary dramatically across territories and population groups. Among settings particularly susceptible to health impacts from climate change are cities with a Mediterranean climate.

[A public health surveillance system applied to climate change for cities].

This paper makes a first proposal for a public health surveillance system for climate change in cities, and describes the process that led to its definition. After several years of monitoring different aspects related to climate change and its impact, the public health services of Barcelona made a preliminary proposal and gathered a working group of experts to discuss and review it. Four categories of components were defined: climate data, health impacts of climate change and its determinants, contributions of the city to mitigation (especially those with health co-benefits), and actions to reduce vulnerability to extreme events.

Community-Based Interventions to Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol-Related Harm in Adults.

Alcohol consumption was associated with 3 million deaths worldwide in 2016. Although community action has proven to be effective and has become a priority area of the global strategy to reduce alcohol consumption, there is a gap in the knowledge of community interventions to reduce alcohol use among adults. This study aims to analyze the evidence on effective community-based interventions to reduce alcohol consumption and harm among adults and to identify their components and underlying theories.

[Tobacco use by adolescents in Barcelona (Spain) and trends in the last 20 years].

Objectives: Smoking is a preventable cause of early death and the habit starts in adolescence. The aim of this study was to describe tobacco consumption in secondary school students in 2008 and trends in the last 20 years in Barcelona.

Material And Methods: We analyzed the trend in tobacco consumption by comparing data from 8 surveys carried out between 1987 and 2008 in the 8th (2nd year of Compulsory Secondary Education), 10th (4th year of Compulsory Secondary Education) and 12th (2nd year of Compulsory Secondary Education) years of secondary school.

[Policies for the prevention of addictive substance use and the responsibility of professionals].

Professionals treating persons with addictions must work with the individual characteristics of each case. However, collective aspects shape consumption at the population level and also the personal frequency of exposure which influences the development of dependence. Among factors influencing consumption, some may be modified by regulations or public policies.

[Smoke-free areas: persuasion and enforcement].

This paper presents the actions taken by the public health services in the city of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) to improve compliance with the requirements of the new 28/2005 tobacco control law. These were essentially informative at first, with a second phase where authority enforcement mechanisms were activated. In workplaces, educational settings and transport the law was incorporated without incidents nor relevant complaints, except for isolated incidents in some university or mass transport settings.

[Innovating the service management of public health: the experience of the Barcelona Public Health Agency (Spain)].

We describe the evolution of the organization of public health services in the city of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) until the creation of the Barcelona Public Health Agency. This Agency is a consortium created by the Barcelona City Council and the Government of Catalonia as the sole entity responsible for regional and local public health services in the city. The underlying logic for the Agency's design, as well as its mission, vision and value statements, strategy, services' portfolio, and the role of leadership in the process, are analyzed.

[Who is against prevention? A map of policy actors favoring smoking in Spain].

Objectives: For a comprehensive approach to policies on smoking, the map of actors related to tobacco and their political ties needs to be identified. The present article constitutes the first attempt at this task in Spain.

Methodology: Analysis of the press, industry publications, and interviews with key people.

[Smoking in Spain, 1945-1995. A retrospective analysis based on the Spanish National Health Interview Surveys].

Background And Objective: To analyse trends in cigarette consumption in Spain between 1945 and 1995.

Material And Methods: Prevalence rates of daily cigarette smoking were derived from the individual information collected in the Spanish National Health Interview Surveys (1993, 1995 and 1997) for the period 1945-1995.

Results: In males, the prevalence rate in 1945 was 42.