Effect of different durations of treatment with antihypertensive drugs with anticholinergic effects on the risk of dementia: a target trial emulation study.

Studying the effect of duration of treatment on prognostic outcomes using real-world data is challenging because only people who survive for a long time can receive a treatment for a long time. Specifying a target trial helps overcome such challenge. We aimed to estimate the effect of different durations of treatment with antihypertensive drugs with anticholinergic properties (AC AHT) on the risk of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease by emulating a target trial using the UK CPRD GOLD database (2001-2017).

Mortality in Patients with Parkinson's Disease-Related Psychosis Treated with Pimavanserin Compared with Other Atypical Antipsychotics: A Cohort Study.

Introduction: Pimavanserin is approved in the USA to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP).

Objectives: We evaluated mortality in patients with PDP after initiation of pimavanserin or comparator atypical antipsychotics, overall, over time, and across subgroups.

Methods: A cohort of patients aged ≥65 years in the USA with PDP newly initiating pimavanserin or a comparator atypical antipsychotic (clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone, olanzapine, aripiprazole, brexpiprazole) was identified in 2016-2019 Medicare claims data.

Clinical outcomes and treatment patterns of older adults with dementia-related psychosis by dementia type in the United States.

Background: Little is known about the incidence of clinical events and treatment patterns among older adults with dementia-related psychosis. Given that dementia-related psychosis comprises various dementia types, this study describes the incidence of clinical events and treatment patterns by dementia type after patients with dementia are diagnosed with psychosis.

Methods: Adults aged ≥ 65 years with dementia and newly diagnosed with psychosis were identified in US Medicare claims during 2013-2018.

Risk of Major Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Events in Users of Lisdexamfetamine and Other Medications for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Denmark and Sweden: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Introduction: This study aimed to estimate risks of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients treated with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (LDX) compared with patients previously treated with other attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications (amphetamine, dexamphetamine, methylphenidate or atomoxetine).

Methods: This population-based cohort study used data from Danish and Swedish medical and administrative national registers. The LDX cohort included adult patients initiating LDX with at least 12 months' data preceding first LDX dispensing (index date).

Falls and Fractures in Patients with Parkinson's Disease-Related Psychosis Treated with Pimavanserin vs Atypical Antipsychotics: A Cohort Study.

Background: Parkinson's disease-related psychosis increases patients' risk of falls. Pimavanserin is an atypical antipsychotic approved in the USA in 2016 for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease-related psychosis.

Objective: We aimed to compare the risk of falls/fractures among patients with Parkinson's disease-related psychosis treated with pimavanserin vs other atypical antipsychotics.

Walnuts, Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Adolescent Brain Development: Protocol for the Walnuts Smart Snack Dietary Intervention Trial.

Adolescence, when the most complex behaviors are refined to adult sophistication, represents a major window of opportunity and vulnerability for neuropsychological development. To support and protect this complex and active brain growth, different nutritional components considered essential need to be acquired from the diet. For instance, omega-3 fatty acids are mainly obtained from seafood, seeds, and walnuts.

Increased risk of falls and fractures in patients with psychosis and Parkinson disease.

Objective: Evaluate whether the risk of falls and fractures differs between patients with Parkinson disease with psychosis (PDP) and patients with Parkinson disease (PD) without psychosis at similar disease stages.

Methods: Patients with PD without psychosis were identified in the Medicare claims databases (2008-2018) and followed from the first PD diagnosis date during the study period. Patients with a subsequent diagnosis of psychosis were included in the PDP group.

Early Life Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and ADHD: A Meta-Analysis of Nine European Population-Based Studies.

Introduction: To date, the evidence for an association between perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is inconclusive.

Objective: We investigated the association between early life exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and ADHD in a collaborative study including nine European population-based studies, encompassing 4,826 mother-child pairs.

Methods: Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were measured in maternal serum/plasma during pregnancy, or in breast milk, with different timing of sample collection in each cohort.

Effects of prenatal exposure to particulate matter air pollution on corpus callosum and behavioral problems in children.

Objective: Air pollution (AP) may affect neurodevelopment, but studies about the effects of AP on the growing human brain are still scarce. We aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to AP on lateral ventricles (LV) and corpus callosum (CC) volumes in children and to determine whether the induced brain changes are associated with behavioral problems.

Methods: Among the children recruited through a set of representative schools of the city of Barcelona, (Spain) in the Brain Development and Air Pollution Ultrafine Particles in School Children (BREATHE) study, 186 typically developing participants aged 8-12 years underwent brain MRI on the same 1.

Validity of ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes used to identify acute liver injury: A study in three European data sources.

Purpose: Validating cases of acute liver injury (ALI) in health care data sources is challenging. Previous validation studies reported low positive predictive values (PPVs).

Methods: Case validation was undertaken in a study conducted from 2009 to 2014 assessing the risk of ALI in antidepressants users in databases in Spain (EpiChron and SIDIAP) and the Danish National Health Registers.

Risk of Acute Liver Injury in Agomelatine and Other Antidepressant Users in Four European Countries: A Cohort and Nested Case-Control Study Using Automated Health Data Sources.

Background: Agomelatine is a melatonin receptor agonist and serotonin 5-HT receptor antagonist indicated for depression in adults. Hepatotoxic reactions like acute liver injury (ALI) are an identified risk in the European risk management plan for agomelatine. Hepatotoxic reactions have been reported for other antidepressants, but population studies quantifying these risks are scarce.

Antidepressant use in Denmark, Germany, Spain, and Sweden between 2009 and 2014: Incidence and comorbidities of antidepressant initiators.

Background: We aimed to describe patterns of use and characteristics of 10 commonly used antidepressants for the period 2009-2014 in Denmark, Germany, Spain, and Sweden.

Methods: Adult initiators from 2009 to 2014 of each study antidepressant were identified in four countries using five data sources: the Danish National registers, GePaRD (Germany), EpiChron (Aragon, Spain), SIDIAP (Catalonia, Spain), and the Swedish National Registers. The study included 10 study antidepressants: citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, duloxetine, venlafaxine, amitriptyline, mirtazapine, and agomelatine.

Brain Structure and Function in School-Aged Children With Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Symptoms.

Objective: Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is a cluster of symptoms associated with poor function in various domains of major life activities that may comprise a novel attention disorder distinct from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nevertheless, very little is known about the neural substrate of SCT in children. The present study aimed to examine associations between SCT symptoms and brain structure and function in school-aged children.

Early-life exposure to persistent organic pollutants (OCPs, PBDEs, PCBs, PFASs) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A multi-pollutant analysis of a Norwegian birth cohort.

Background: Numerous ubiquitous environmental chemicals are established or suspected neurotoxicants, and infants are exposed to a mixture of these during the critical period of brain maturation. However, evidence for associations with the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is sparse. We investigated early-life chemical exposures in relation to ADHD.

Burden and outcomes for complex perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease: Systematic review.

Aim: To systematically review the literature on epidemiology, disease burden, and treatment outcomes for Crohn's disease (CD) patients with complex perianal fistulas.

Methods: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane were searched for relevant articles (published 2000-November 2016) and congress abstracts (published 2011-November 2016).

Results: Of 535 records reviewed, 62 relevant sources were identified (mostly small observational studies).

Traffic-Related Air Pollution, ε4 Status, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes among School Children Enrolled in the BREATHE Project (Catalonia, Spain).

Background: Traffic-related air pollution is emerging as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and impaired brain development. Individual differences in vulnerability to air pollution may involve the ε4 allele of () gene, the primary genetic risk factor for AD.

Objective: We analyzed whether the association between traffic air pollution and neurodevelopmental outcomes is modified by ε4 status in children.

Air Pollution Exposure During Pregnancy and Symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder in Children in Europe.

Background: Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy may increase attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children, but findings have been inconsistent. We aimed to study this association in a collaborative study of eight European population-based birth/child cohorts, including 29,127 mother-child pairs.

Methods: Air pollution concentrations (nitrogen dioxide [NO2] and particulate matter [PM]) were estimated at the birth address by land-use regression models based on monitoring campaigns performed between 2008 and 2011.

Prenatal and postnatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder: a pooled analysis of seven European birth cohort studies.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasing worldwide for reasons largely unknown and environmental chemicals with neurotoxic properties, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been proposed to play a role. We investigated the association between prenatal and postnatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl-153 (PCB-153), p-p´-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p-p'-DDE) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and ADHD in childhood.

Methods: We pooled seven European birth cohort studies encompassing 4437 mother-child pairs from the general population with concentrations of PCB-153, p-p´-DDE and HCB measured in cord blood, maternal blood or milk.

Methodological challenges when evaluating potential off-label prescribing of drugs using electronic health care databases: A case study of dabigatran etexilate in Europe.

Purpose: To report and discuss estimated prevalence of potential off-label use and associated methodological challenges using a case study of dabigatran.

Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study using 3 databases with different types of clinical information available: Cegedim Strategic Data Longitudinal Patient Database (CSD-LPD), France (cardiologist panel, n = 1706; general practitioner panel, n = 2813; primary care data); National Health Databases, Denmark (n = 28 619; hospital episodes and dispensed ambulatory medications); and Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), UK (linkable to Hospital Episode Statistics [HES], n = 2150; not linkable, n = 1285; primary care data plus hospital data for HES-linkable patients).

Study Period: August 2011 to August 2015.

Sleeping, TV, Cognitively Stimulating Activities, Physical Activity, and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Incidence in Children: A Prospective Study.

Objective: To analyze associations between time spent sleeping, watching TV, engaging in cognitively stimulating activities, and engaging in physical activity, all at 4 years, and (1) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and (2) behavior problems, both assessed at 7 years, in ADHD-free children at baseline.

Method: In total, 817 participants of the Infancia y Medio Ambiente birth cohort, without ADHD at baseline, were included. At the 4-year follow-up, parents reported the time that their children spent sleeping, watching TV, engaging in cognitively stimulating activities, and engaging in physical activity.

Longitudinal association between air pollution exposure at school and cognitive development in school children over a period of 3.5 years.

Introduction: Recently, we showed that exposure to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) at school was negatively associated with cognitive development, specifically working memory and inattentiveness, in primary schoolchildren during a course of 12 months. The persistence of such associations over longer periods remains as an open question.

Objective: To study the longitudinal association between TRAPs at school and cognitive development over a period of 3.

Are Early Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors Related to Working Memory at 7 and 14 Years of Age?

Objective: To evaluate the role of extracurricular physical activity and sedentary behavior at preschool and primary school age on working memory at primary school age and adolescence, respectively.

Study Design: This prospective study was based on a birth cohort across 4 Spanish regions. In the 3 younger subcohorts (n = 1093), parents reported lifestyle habits of child at age 4 years of age on a questionnaire, and children performed a computerized working memory task at 7 years of age.

A Longitudinal Study on Attention Development in Primary School Children with and without Teacher-Reported Symptoms of ADHD.

Prospective longitudinal studies are essential in characterizing cognitive trajectories, yet few of them have been reported on the development of attention processes in children. We aimed to explore attention development in normal children and children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in a repeated measures design using the attention network test (ANT). The population sample included 2,835 children (49.

Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and neuropsychological development in pre-school children: a prospective cohort study.

BackgroundMaternal pre-pregnancy obesity may impair infant neuropsychological development, but it is unclear whether intrauterine or confounding factors drive this association.MethodsWe assessed whether maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with neuropsychological development in 1,827 Spanish children. At 5 years, cognitive and psychomotor development was assessed using McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms using the Criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and autism spectrum disorder symptoms using the Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test.