Fairness and Risk: An Ethical Argument for a Group Fairness Definition Insurers Can Use.

Algorithmic predictions are promising for insurance companies to develop personalized risk models for determining premiums. In this context, issues of fairness, discrimination, and social injustice might arise: Algorithms for estimating the risk based on personal data may be biased towards specific social groups, leading to systematic disadvantages for those groups. Personalized premiums may thus lead to discrimination and social injustice.

Inspection of refractive X-ray lenses using high-resolution differential phase contrast imaging with a microfocus X-ray source.

A refractive x-ray lens was characterized using a magnifying cone beam setup for differential phase contrast imaging in combination with a microfocus x-ray tube. Thereby, the differential and the total phase shift of x rays transmitted through the lens were determined. Lens aberrations have been characterized based on these refractive properties.

Phase III results with a totally implantable piezoelectric middle ear implant: speech audiometry, spatial hearing and psychosocial adjustment.

Objective: To evaluate the treatment efficacy of an electromechanical middle ear amplifier implant (AI) in patients with chronic moderate-to-severe sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). The AI is a piezoelectric system with a sound processor and a rechargeable battery within a hermetically sealed titanium canister. Its titanium-sealed microphone is placed in the bony region of the ear canal.

Ring-testing and field-validation of a terrestrial model ecosystem (TME)--an instrument for testing potentially harmful substances: fate of the model chemical carbendazim.

The fate of the fungicide carbendazim (applied in the formulation Derosal) in soil was determined in Terrestrial Model Ecosystem (TME) tests and corresponding field-validation studies, which were performed in four different countries (United Kingdom, Germany, Portugal, and The Netherlands). The tests used different soil types, and lasted for 16 weeks. On three of the four sites, grassland soils were used while the fourth site had an arable soil.

Patient selection for incus body coupling of a totally implantable middle ear implant.

Objective: To evaluate audiologic selection criteria for incus body coupling (IBC) of a totally implantable middle ear implant (TI-MEI) for the treatment of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).

Material And Methods: The protocol is specified in the Investigational Device Exemption of a Food and Drug Administration-approved multicenter clinical trial. The prospective study compared pre- and postoperative hearing levels using each patient as their own control.