Gut immune homeostasis: the immunomodulatory role of , from basic to clinical evidence.

Introduction: The gut microbiota affects the development of the gut immune system in early life. Perturbations to microbiota structure and composition during this period can have long-term consequences on the health of the individual, through its effects on the immune system. Research in the last few decades has shown that probiotic administration can reverse these effects in strain- and environment-specific ways.

Recommendations for the adjuvant use of the poly-antibiotic-resistant probiotic (O/C, SIN, N/R, T) in acute, chronic, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: consensus from Asian experts.

This paper proposes recommendations for probiotics in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases in the Asia-Pacific region. Evidence-based recommendations and randomized controlled trials in the region are included. Cultural aspects, health management issues and economic factors were also considered.

as adjunctive treatment for acute community-acquired diarrhea among Filipino children: a large-scale, multicenter, open-label study (CODDLE).

Background: Diarrhea is among the main causes of pediatric mortality in the Philippines. Probiotics have been shown to be beneficial in the management of acute diarrhea. Accordingly, the aim of this population-based study was to assess the safety and effectiveness of as an adjunct to standard therapy in Filipino children with acute community-acquired diarrhea of viral origin or associated with antibiotic administration.

Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children aged 6-35 months: A multi-season randomised placebo-controlled trial in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Background: A quadrivalent split-virion inactivated influenza vaccine (VaxigripTetra™, Sanofi Pasteur; IIV4) containing two A strains (H1N1 and H3N2) and B strains from both lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) was approved in Europe in 2016 for individuals aged ≥ 3 years. This study examined the efficacy and safety of IIV4 in children aged 6-35 months.

Methods: This was a phase III randomised controlled trial conducted in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe during the Northern Hemisphere 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 and Southern Hemisphere 2014 and 2015 influenza seasons.

Thrombocytopenia associated with dengue hemorrhagic fever responds to intravenous administration of anti-D (Rh(0)-D) immune globulin.

Severe thrombocytopenia and increased vascular permeability are two major characteristics of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). An immune mechanism of thrombocytopenia due to increased platelet destruction appears to be operative in patients with DHF (see Saito et al., 2004, Clin Exp Immunol 138: 299-303; Mitrakul, 1979, Am J Trop Med Hyg 26: 975-984; and Boonpucknavig, 1979, Am J Trop Med Hyg 28: 881-884).