Sounds of Difference: A Typology of Reactions of People With Dementia to Individualized Music in the Presence of a Monitoring Person.

Background And Objectives: Despite promising effects of individualized music listening (IML) for people with dementia, the individualized nature and heterogeneity of reactions to IML remain underexplored. We aimed to develop an empirically derived typology of directly observed reactions of people with dementia to IML and propose recommendations for tailoring the intervention to the respective types.

Research Design And Methods: An ideal-type analysis was conducted on 108 video recordings of 45 people with mainly severe dementia (78% female, mean age of 83.