Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of deuterated C-aryl glycoside as a potent and long-acting renal sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

SGLT2 inhibitors deuterated at sites susceptible to oxidative metabolism were found to have a slightly longer tmax and half-life (t1/2), dose-dependent increase in urinary glucose excretion (UGE) in rats, and slightly superior effects on UGE in dogs while retaining similar in vitro inhibitory activities against hSGLT2. In particular, deuterated compound 41 has the potential to be a robust long-acting antidiabetic agent.

C-aryl glucosides substituted at the 4'-position as potent and selective renal sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

A series of C-aryl glucosides with various substituents at the 4'-position of the distal aryl ring have been synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of hSGLT1 and hSGLT2. Introduction of alkyl or alkoxy substituents at the 4'-position was found to improve SGLT2 potency, whereas introduction of a hydrophilic group at this position was deleterious. Compounds with alkoxy-, cycloalkoxy- or cycloalkenyloxy-ethoxy scaffolds exhibited good inhibitory activity and high selectivity toward SGLT2.

ortho-Substituted C-aryl glucosides as highly potent and selective renal sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

A series of 2-substituted C-aryl glucosides have been synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of hSGLT1 and hSGLT2. Introduction of an appropriate ortho substituent at the proximal phenyl ring adjacent to the glycosidic bond was found to improve SGLT2 inhibitory activity and dramatically increase selectivity for hSGLT2 over hSGLT1. Selected compounds were investigated for in vivo efficacy.

Exploration of O-spiroketal C-arylglucosides as novel and selective renal sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

A series of novel O-spiroketal C-arylglucosides have been prepared and evaluated in cell-based functional assays for activity against human sodium-dependent glucose co-transporters 1 and 2 (SGLT1 and 2). The core spiro[isobenzofuran-1,2'-pyran] structure proved to be an effective scaffold for diversification and a number of compounds with single digit nanomolar potency and high selectivity have been synthesized. Compound 5a promoted glucosuria when administered in vivo in rats and produced a significant blood glucose reduction effect.

O-Spiro C-aryl glucosides as novel sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.

Two series of O-spiro C-aryl glucosides were synthesized and tested for inhibition of hSGLT1 and hSGLT2. 6'-O-Spiro C-aryl glucosides exhibited potent in vitro hSGLT2 inhibitory activity but 2'-O-spiro C-aryl glucosides showed no in vitro hSGLT2 inhibitory activity at a screening concentration of 1microM.