FFA intervention on LO2 cells mediates SNX-10 synthesis and regulates MMP9 secretion in LX2 cells via TGF-β1.

Background: Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a public health concern. Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) plays an important regulatory role in multiple MAFLD stages, as it can promote the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and promote liver fibrosis. Sorting nexin protein-10 (SNX-10) may be involved in the occurrence and development of fatty liver disease.

Effect of salt substitution on fracture-a secondary analysis of the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS).

Background: Associations of dietary sodium and potassium intake with fracture risk are inconsistent and the effects of salt substitute on fracture incidence are unknown. We assessed the effect of salt substitute compared to regular salt intake on fracture incidence using data from the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS).

Methods: SSaSS was a cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted in 600 villages in northern China.

Fuzzy Algorithm Based Bionic Optimization Design of Boring Machine Column.

A large-scale CNC boring machine would not be complete without a column. The tortoise shell is chosen as the bionic prototype, and the column structure is optimized using the bionic optimization design approach, using the column of a thg6920 boring machine as the research object. The structural similarity between the completed turtle shell and the boring machine column is 0.

Cost-Effectiveness of a Household Salt Substitution Intervention: Findings From 20 995 Participants of the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study.

Background: SSaSS (Salt Substitute and Stroke Study), a 5-year cluster randomized controlled trial, demonstrated that replacing regular salt with a reduced-sodium, added-potassium salt substitute reduced the risks of stroke, major adverse cardiovascular events, and premature death among individuals with previous stroke or uncontrolled high blood pressure living in rural China. This study assessed the cost-effectiveness profile of the intervention.

Methods: A within-trial economic evaluation of SSaSS was conducted from the perspective of the health care system and consumers.

A diagnostic prediction model for hypertension in Han and Yugur population from the China National Health Survey (CNHS).

Background: The prevalence of hypertension is high among Chinese adults, thus, identifying non-hypertensive individuals at high risk for intervention will help to improve the efficiency of primary prevention strategies.

Methods: The cross-sectional data on 9699 participants aged 20 to 80 years were collected from the China National Health Survey in Gansu and Hebei provinces in 2016 to 2017, and they were nonrandomly split into the training set and validation set based on location. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to develop the diagnostic prediction model, which was presented as a nomogram and a website with risk classification.

Factors Associated With the Use of a Salt Substitute in Rural China.

Importance: Lowering sodium intake reduces blood pressure and may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The use of reduced-sodium salt (a salt substitute) may achieve sodium reduction, but its effectiveness may be associated with the context of its use.

Objective: To identify factors associated with the use of salt substitutes in rural populations in China within the Salt Substitute and Stroke Study, a large-scale cluster randomized trial.

Long-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide and ozone modifies systematic low-grade inflammation: The CHCN-BTH study.

The potential effect of long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants on low-grade systematic inflammation has seldom been evaluated taking indoor air pollution and self-protection behaviors on smog days into account. A total of 24,346 participants at baseline were included to conduct a cross-sectional study. The annual (2016) average pollutant concentrations were assessed by air monitoring stations for PM, PM, SO, NO, O and CO.

Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death.

Background: Salt substitutes with reduced sodium levels and increased potassium levels have been shown to lower blood pressure, but their effects on cardiovascular and safety outcomes are uncertain.

Methods: We conducted an open-label, cluster-randomized trial involving persons from 600 villages in rural China. The participants had a history of stroke or were 60 years of age or older and had high blood pressure.

Protocol for the economic evaluation of the China Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS).

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Reducing dietary salt consumption is a potentially cost-effective way to reduce blood pressure and the burden of CVD. To date, economic evidence has focused on sodium reduction in food industry or processed food with blood pressure as the primary outcome.

Environmental and Genetic Determinants of Major Chronic Disease in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region: Protocol for a Community-Based Cohort Study.

Personal lifestyle and air pollution are potential risk factors for major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, these risk factors have experienced dramatic changes in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in recent years, and few cohorts have focused on identifying risk factors for major NCDs in this specific region. The current study is a large, prospective, long-term, population-based cohort study that investigated environmental and genetic determinants of NCDs in BTH areas.

Association of long-term exposure to ambient particulate pollution with stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guideline and cardiovascular disease: The CHCN-BTH cohort study.

Background: Evidence regarding the effects of ambient air pollution on new stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guideline remains sparse.

Objectives: To investigate the association of long-term exposure to ambient PM with stage 1 hypertension and to explore the mediating and modifying effects of PM on cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods: A total of 32,135 participants aged 18-80 years were recruited in 2017.

Association of chronic diseases with depression, anxiety and stress in Chinese general population: The CHCN-BTH cohort study.

Background Large-scale epidemiological surveys focusing on characteristic differences in psychological and physical health conditions in Chinese adults are lacking. Objective To investigate the association of noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs) with depression, anxiety and stress in the Chinese general population. Methods A total of 13784 participants were recruited from the baseline survey of the Cohort Study on Chronic Disease of Communities Natural Population in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei (CHCN-BTH) from 2017 to 2019.

Elevated lipoprotein(a) and risk of coronary heart disease according to different lipid profiles in the general Chinese community population: the CHCN-BTH study.

Background: To evaluate the contributions of elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] to the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the general Chinese community population according to different lipid profiles.

Methods: We recruited individuals aged over 18 years from the baseline survey of the Cohort Study on Chronic Disease of Communities Natural Population in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei (CHCN-BTH) using a stratified, multistage cluster sampling method. Data were collected through questionnaire surveys, anthropometric measures and laboratory tests.

Feasibility and validity of using death surveillance data and SmartVA for fact and cause of death in clinical trials in rural China: a substudy of the China salt substitute and stroke study (SSaSS).

Background: In rural China, mortality surveillance data may be an alternative to primary data collection in clinical trials; SmartVA (verbal autopsy) is also a potential alternative for endpoint adjudication. The feasibility and validity of both need to be assessed.

Methods: We used mortality data from the first 24 months of the China Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS) trial and assessed the agreement between (1) mortality surveillance data and face-to-face visits for fact of death; (2) mortality surveillance data and SSaSS adjudication for causes of death; (3) SmartVA and SSaSS adjudication for causes of death; (4) cause-specific mortality fraction of different methods.

Associations of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution with cardiac conduction abnormalities in Chinese adults: The CHCN-BTH cohort study.

Background: Evidence regarding the effects of long-term and high-level ambient air pollution exposure on cardiac conduction systems remains sparse.

Objectives: To investigate the associations of long-term exposure to air pollution and cardiac conduction abnormalities in Chinese adults and explore the susceptibility characteristics.

Methods: In 2017, a total of 27,047 participants aged 18-80 years were recruited from the baseline survey of the Cohort Study on Chronic Disease of Communities Natural Population in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei (CHCN-BTH).

Smoking Prevalence, Patterns, and Cessation Among Adults in Hebei Province, Central China: Implications From China National Health Survey (CNHS).

As part of the China National Health Survey, the objective of this study was to explore the prevalence, patterns, and influencing factors of smoking, and understand reasons for smoking cessation among adults in Hebei Province, central China. Using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, 6,552 adults (2,594 males) aged 20-80 were selected in 2017. Demographic, socioeconomic, and tobacco use information were collected by questionnaire interview.

Interim effects of salt substitution on urinary electrolytes and blood pressure in the China Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS).

The Salt Substitute and Stroke Study is an ongoing 5-year large-scale cluster randomized trial investigating the effects of potassium-enriched salt substitute compared to usual salt on the risk of stroke. The study involves 600 villages and 20,996 individuals in rural China. Intermediate risk markers were measured in a random subsample of villages every 12 months over 3 years to track progress against key assumptions underlying study design.

A town level comprehensive intervention study to reduce salt intake in China: protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: Salt intake in China (≈12 g/day) is more than twice the upper limit recommended by the WHO (5 g/day). To reduce salt intake, Action on Salt China (ASC) was launched in 2017. As one of four randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in the ASC programme, a comprehensive intervention study was designed to test whether all the components of the interventions adopted by other RCTs are acceptable, scalable and effective when provided to a region in the real world.

Prevalence and risk factors for pterygium: a cross-sectional study in Han and Manchu ethnic populations in Hebei, China.

Aims: To investigate the prevalence, ethnic differences and associated risk factors for pterygium in Han and Manchu populations aged 40-79 years in Hebei province, China.

Design: Cross-sectional study, as a part of the China National Health Survey.

Setting: Hebei province, China.

Spot urine samples compared with 24-h urine samples for estimating changes in urinary sodium and potassium excretion in the China Salt Substitute and Stroke Study.

Background: The capacity of spot urine samples for detecting changes in population sodium and potassium excretion is unclear.

Methods: Changes in urinary sodium and potassium excretion, over a 6-month to 2-year interval, were measured from 24-h urine samples and estimated from spot urine samples using several published methods in 3270 Chinese. Additional estimates were made by multiplying individual spot sodium and potassium concentrations by a single estimated 24-h urine volume derived from external data.

The Effects of a Community-Based Sodium Reduction Program in Rural China - A Cluster-Randomized Trial.

Background: Average sodium intake and stroke mortality in northern China are both among the highest in the world. An effective, low-cost strategy to reduce sodium intake in this population is urgently needed.

Objective: We sought to determine the effects of a community-based sodium reduction program on salt consumption in rural northern China.

Use of Smartphone for Verbal Autopsy.

Traditionally, verbal autopsies (VA) are collected on paper-based questionnaires and reviewed by physicians for cause of death assignment, it is resource intensive and time consuming. The Population Health Metrics Research Consortium VA questionnaires was made available on an Android-based application and cause of death was derived using the Tariff method. Over one year, all adult deaths occurring in 48 villages in 4 counties were identified and a VA interview was conducted using the smartphone VA application.

A feasibility study on using smartphones to conduct short-version verbal autopsies in rural China.

Background: Currently there are two main sources of mortality data with cause of death assignments in China. Both sources-the Ministry of Health-Vital Registration system and the Chinese Disease Surveillance Point system-present their own challenges. A new approach to cause of death assignment is a smartphone-based shortened version of a verbal autopsy survey.

[Evaluating a simplified method for identifying high-risk individuals for cardiovascular diseases in the resource-constrained rural areas of China].

Objective: This research project aimed to evaluate whether a simplified method for identifying high-risk individuals for cardiovascular diseases proposed by the China Rural Health Initiative (CRHI) was feasible in the rural areas in China.

Methods: 2 036 adults, aged 20 years or older were stratified-randomly sampled from 12 villages in Luquan county and Anguo county (Hebei province) respectively, to receive physical examination and filling in administered questionnaires. "Gold Standard" was used on high risk in Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults to evaluate the CRHI standards:people with a history of coronary heart disease or stroke, or elderly as men ≥50 years or women ≥60 years with diabetes, or elderly with systolic blood pressure ≥160 mmHg.