inhibits the unfolded protein response to prevent host macrophage apoptosis and M2 polarization.

Enzootic pneumonia caused by () has inflicted substantial economic losses on the global pig industry. The progression of induced-pneumonia is associated with lung immune cell infiltration and extensive proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Our previous study established that disrupts the host unfolded protein response (UPR), a process vital for the survival and immune function of macrophages.

Mycoplasma glycine cleavage system key subunit GcvH is an apoptosis inhibitor targeting host endoplasmic reticulum.

Mycoplasmas are minimal but notorious bacteria that infect humans and animals. These genome-reduced organisms have evolved strategies to overcome host apoptotic defense and establish persistent infection. Here, using Mycoplasma bovis as a model, we demonstrate that mycoplasma glycine cleavage system (GCS) H protein (GcvH) targets the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to hijack host apoptosis facilitating bacterial infection.

A candidate competitive ELISA based on monoclonal antibody 3A8 for diagnosis of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

For the development of a competitive ELISA (cELISA) to detect serum antibodies against the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. Mycoides (Mmm) (strain PG1), the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), all the proteins of this pathogen were analyzed. Then, a specific extracellular region of a transmembrane protein with the potential for diagnosis was identified.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae membrane protein Mhp271 interacts with host UPR protein GRP78 to facilitate infection.

The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays a crucial role in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) pathogenesis. We previously demonstrated that M.

A Novel Lipoate-Protein Ligase, Mhp-LplJ, Is Required for Lipoic Acid Metabolism in .

Lipoic acid is a conserved cofactor necessary for the activation of several critical enzyme complexes in the aerobic metabolism of 2-oxoacids and one-carbon metabolism. Lipoate metabolism enzymes are key for lipoic acid biosynthesis and salvage. In this study, we found that () Mhp-Lpl, which had been previously shown to have lipoate-protein ligase activity against glycine cleavage system H protein (GcvH) , did not lipoylate the lipoate-dependent subunit of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (PdhD).

evades complement activation by binding to factor H via elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu).

Mycoplasmas persist in the host for a long time, suggesting that they possess mechanisms for immune evasion. Factor H is a negative regulator of the complement system, which binds to host cells to avoid unexpected complement activation. In this study, we revealed that many mycoplasmas, such as , and could hijack factor H such that they present themselves as a host tissue and thus escape from complement attack.

Functional Identification and Structural Analysis of a New Lipoate Protein Ligase in .

Unlabelled: () is the causative agent of pandemic pneumonia among pigs, namely, swine enzootic pneumonia. Although was first identified in 1965, little is known regarding its metabolic pathways, which might play a pivotal role during disease pathogenesis. Lipoate is an essential cofactor for enzymes important for central metabolism.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Inhibits Porcine Beta-Defensin 2 Production by Blocking the Unfolded Protein Response To Facilitate Epithelial Adhesion and Infection.

causes the disease porcine enzootic pneumonia, a highly contagious and chronic disease affecting pigs. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenicity is critical for developing effective interventions to control this swine respiratory disease. Here, we describe a novel virulence mechanism by which interferes with the host unfolded protein response (UPR) and eventually facilitates bacterial adhesion and infection.

GroEL Protein (Heat Shock Protein 60) of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Induces Apoptosis in Host Cells by Interacting with Annexin A2.

is an avian respiratory and reproductive tract pathogen that has a significant economic impact on the poultry industry worldwide. Although membrane proteins of spp. are thought to play crucial roles in host interactions, very few have had their biochemical function defined.

Comparative genomics analysis of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae 87001.

Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp), belongs to Mycoplasma mycoides cluster and is a causal pathogen of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). This paper presents the complete annotated genome sequence of Mccp Strain 87001-a strain that was isolated from pneumonia affected goats on a farm in China, and comparative genomics analysis of five Mccp genomes in addition to comparative genomics within Mycoplasma mycoides cluster.

Elongation Factor Thermo Unstable (EF-Tu) Moonlights as an Adhesin on the Surface of by Binding to Fibronectin.

is a colonizing respiratory pathogen that can cause great economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Although putative virulence factors have been reported, the pathogenesis of this species remains unclear. Here, we used the virulent strain 168 to infect swine tracheal epithelial cells (STEC) to identify the infection-associated factors by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE).

TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway regulates IL-1β production in DF-1 cells exposed to Mycoplasma gallisepticum LAMPs.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) is one of the most important pathogens that cause chronic respiratory disease in chickens. M.

Mmm-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins activate IL-1β production through the NF-κB pathway via TLR2, MyD88, and IRAK4.

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.mycoides (Mmm) is a pathogen that causes pneumonia, otitis media, and arthritis in young calves. Its pathogenesis is attributed in part to excessive immune responses.

TLR2 mediates autophagy through ERK signaling pathway in Mycoplasma gallisepticum-infected RAW264.7 cells.

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a crucial role in early innate immune response of host to various microorganisms. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is one of the major pathogen that can cause chronic respiratory diseases in chickens, but the molecular mechanism of MG infection still remained unclear. In this study, we examined the typical hallmarks of autophagy and multiple signaling pathways by western blot, immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy.

Linear antigenic mapping of flagellin (FliC) from Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis with yeast surface expression system.

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a major cause of food-borne illness around the world and can have significant health implications in humans, poultry and other animals. Flagellin (FliC) is the primary component of bacterial flagella.

P19 contributes to Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides adhesion to EBL cells.

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). The virulent Mmm Ben-1 strain was isolated from the lung of a CBPP-infected cow in China in the 1950s.

Changes in pathogenicity and immunogenicity of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strains revealed by comparative genomics analysis.

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides is the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. A pathogenic strain BEN-1 was isolated from bovine lung and underwent continuous passages in rabbits for 468 generations.

Mycoplasma bovis-derived lipid-associated membrane proteins activate IL-1β production through the NF-κB pathway via toll-like receptor 2 and MyD88.

Mycoplasma bovis causes pneumonia, otitis media, and arthritis in young calves, resulting in economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. M. bovis pathogenesis results in part from excessive immune responses.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characterization of macrolide resistance of Mycoplasma bovis isolates from multiple provinces in China.

Mycoplasma bovis has spread widely throughout the world via animal movement and has become an important pathogen of bovine respiratory disease. However, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials for Mycoplasma bovis have not been studied in China. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Mycoplasma bovis isolated from young cattle with respiratory infection in China.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a surface-localized adhesion protein in Mycoplasma bovis Hubei-1 strain.

Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is an important pathogen that causes various bovine diseases, such as mastitis in cows and pneumonia in calves. The surface proteins are generally thought to play a central role in the pathogenesis of this organism.

α-Enolase, an adhesion-related factor of Mycoplasma bovis.

Mycoplasma bovis is the causative agent of Mycoplasma bovis-associated disease (MbAD). Although the mechanisms underlying M. bovis adherence to host cells is not clear, recent studies have shown that the cell surface protein α-enolase facilitates bacterial invasion and dissemination in the infected host.

The complete genome sequence of Mycoplasma bovis strain Hubei-1.

Infection by Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) can induce diseases, such as pneumonia and otitis media in young calves and mastitis and arthritis in older animals. Here, we report the finished and annotated genome sequence of M.

A history of the prevalence and control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in China.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type, was once the most damaging infectious animal disease in China, second only to rinderpest. Between 1949 and 1989, 178,570 cattle died of CBPP, causing estimated losses of 356 million RMB (1RMB=approx.