Genomic profiling and molecular dynamics analysis of toxin-antitoxin homologs targeting DNA gyrase in : insights from computational investigations.

In the realm of hospital-acquired and chronic infections, stands out, demonstrating significant associations with increased morbidity, mortality, and antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic-resistant strains are believed to contribute to thousands of deaths each year. Chronic and latent infections are associated with the bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) system, although the mechanisms involved are poorly understood.

Decoding the TAome and computational insights into parDE toxin-antitoxin systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are widely found in the genomes of pathogenic bacteria. They regulate vital cellular functions like transcription, translation, and DNA replication, and are therefore essential to the survival of bacteria under stress. With a focus on the type II parDE modules, this study thoroughly examines TAome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium well-known for its adaptability and antibiotic resistance.

Computational exploration of the genomic assignments, molecular structure, and dynamics of the toxin-antitoxin homolog with its bacterial target, the DNA gyrase, in the entomopathogen .

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules, initially discovered on bacterial plasmids and subsequently identified within chromosomal contexts, hold a pivotal role in the realm of bacterial physiology. Among these, the pioneering TA system, (Control of Cell Death), primarily localized on the F-plasmid, is known for its orchestration of plasmid replication with cellular division. Nonetheless, the precise functions of such systems within bacterial chromosomal settings remain a compelling subject that demands deeper investigation.

Genomic assortment and interactive insights of the chromosomal encoded control of cell death () toxin-antitoxin (TA) module in .

In the present circumstances, toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules have a great consideration due to their elusive role in bacterial physiology. TA modules consist of a toxic part and a counteracting antitoxin part and these are abundant genetic loci harbored on bacterial plasmids and chromosomes. The control of cell death () TA locus was the first identified TA module and its unitary function (such as plasmid maintenance) has been described, however, the function of its chromosomal counterparts is still ambiguous.

Bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules: classification, functions, and association with persistence.

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are ubiquitous gene loci among bacteria and are comprised of a toxin part and its cognate antitoxin part. Under normal physiological conditions, antitoxin counteracts the toxicity of the toxin whereas, during stress conditions, TA modules play a crucial role in bacterial physiology through involvement in the post-segregational killing, abortive infection, biofilms, and persister cell formation. Most of the toxins are proteinaceous that affect translation or DNA replication, although some other intracellular molecular targets have also been described.

Functional and transcriptional analysis of chromosomal encoded hipBA type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module from Xenorhabdus nematophila.

Xenorhabdus nematophila is an entomopathogenic bacterium that synthesizes numerous toxins and kills its larval insect host. Apart from such toxins, its genome also has a plethora of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. The role of TA systems in bacterial physiology is debatable; however, they are associated with maintaining bacterial genomic stability and their survival under adverse environmental conditions.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral pneumonia, responsible for the recent pandemic, and originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The causative agent of the outbreak was identified as coronavirus and designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2). Few years back, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS- CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were reported to be highly pathogenic and caused severe infections in humans.

Novel Toxin-antitoxin System Xn-mazEF from Xenorhabdus nematophila: Identification, Characterization and Functional Exploration.

Background: Xenorhabdus nematophila maintains species-specific mutual interaction with nematodes of Steinernema genus. Type II Toxin Antitoxin (TA) systems, the mazEF TA system controls stress and programmed cell death in bacteria.

Objective: This study elucidates the functional characterization of Xn-mazEF, a mazEF homolog in X.

The hipBA operon from Xenorhabdus nematophila functions as a bonafide toxin-antitoxin module.

Here, for the first time, we have investigated the hipBA toxin-antitoxin (TA) module from entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila. It is a type II TA module that consists of HipA toxin and HipB antitoxin protein and located in the complementary strand of chromosome under XNC1_operon 0810 locus tag. For functional analysis, hipA toxin, hipB antitoxin, and an operon having both genes were cloned in pBAD/His C vector and transformed in Escherichia coli cells.

TAome analysis of type-II toxin-antitoxin system from Xenorhabdus nematophila.

Here we report the first essentially complete TAome analysis for type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system, a major class of TA modules found in bacterial system, from entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila ATCC 19061 (NCBI RefSeq NC_014228). We summarize this analysis in terms of TA locus, accession identifier, hits in conserved domain database, toxin superfamily, antitoxin superfamily and chromosomal/mobile genome/plasmid occurrences. Moreover, for TA context analyses we use six different specifications namely virulence factors, mobile genetic elements (MGE), antibiotic resistance genes, secretion systems, prophage and a classification of mobile genetic elements (ACLAME); among these hits are found for only MGE, ACLAME and prophage.

Functional annotation of a novel toxin-antitoxin system Xn-RelT of Xenorhabdus nematophila; a combined in silico and in vitro approach.

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) complexes play an important role in stress responses and programmed cell death in bacteria. The RelB-RelE toxin antitoxin system is well studied in Escherichia coli. In this study, we used combined in silico and in vitro approaches to study a novel Xn-RelT toxin from Xenorhabdus nematophila bearing its own antitoxin Xn-RelAT-a RelB homolog of E.

Protective role of Th17 cells in pulmonary infection.

Th17 cells are characterized as preferential producer of interleukins including IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22. Corresponding receptors of these cytokines are expressed on number of cell types found in the mucosa, including epithelial cells and fibroblasts which constitute the prime targets of the Th17-associated cytokines. Binding of IL-17 family members to their corresponding receptors lead to modulation of antimicrobial functions of target cells including alveolar epithelial cells.

Expression, purification, and functional analysis of novel RelE operon from X. nematophila.

Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) complexes induce programmed cell death and also function to relieve cell from stress by various response mechanisms. Escherichia coli RelB-RelE TA complex consists of a RelE toxin functionally counteracted by RelB antitoxin. In the present study, a novel homolog of RelE toxin designated as Xn-relE toxin from Xenorhabdus nematophila possessing its own antitoxin designated as Xn-relEAT has been identified.

Induction of somatic embryogenesis in gum arabic tree [Acacia senegal (L.) Willd].

Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis from immature cotyledon of gum arabic tree [Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.] were investigated.

Expression, Purification, and Functional Characterization of Atypical Xenocin, Its Immunity Protein, and Their Domains from Xenorhabdus nematophila.

Xenorhabdus nematophila, a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae is a natural symbiont of a soil nematode from the family Steinernematidae. In this study cloning, expression, and purification of broad range iron regulated multidomain bacteriocin called xenocin from X. nematophila (66 kDa, encoded by xcinA gene) and its multidomain immunity protein (42 kDa, encoded by ximB gene) have been done.