Biomimetic replenishment therapy of cortisol using semi-solid extrusion - 3D printed tablets for adrenal insufficiencies.

Adrenal insufficiency, an orphan disease, may lead to significant morbidity despite its rare occurrence. Therefore, it requires a daily replacement therapy of hydrocortisone, which displays a highly variable pharmacokinetic profile in individual patients, highlighting the need for personalized dosing. Like most hormones, cortisol follows a circadian rhythm and most conventional dosage forms fail to result in an accurate chronorelease profile.