Probiotic Mixtures Consisting of Representatives of Bacteroidetes and Selenomonadales Increase Resistance of Newly Hatched Chicks to Enteritidis Infection.

There are extensive differences in the caecal microbiota of chicks from hatcheries and those inoculated with faecal material from adult hens. Besides differences in microbial composition, the latter chickens are highly resistant to Enteritidis challenges, while the former are susceptible. In this study, we tested whether strains from genera , or can increase chicken resistance to and when defined microbial mixtures consisting of these bacterial genera are administered.

Immunoglobulin secretion influences the composition of chicken caecal microbiota.

The chicken caecum is colonised by hundreds of different bacterial species. Which of these are targeted by immunoglobulins and how immunoglobulin expression shapes chicken caecal microbiota has been addressed in this study. Using cell sorting followed by sequencing of V3/V4 variable region of 16S rRNA, bacterial species with increased or decreased immunoglobulin coating were determined.

In Vivo Expression of Chicken Gut Anaerobes Identifies Carbohydrate- or Amino Acid-Utilising, Motile or Type VI Secretion System-Expressing Bacteria.

Complex gut microbiota increases chickens' resistance to enteric pathogens. However, the principles of this phenomenon are not understood in detail. One of the possibilities for how to decipher the role of gut microbiota in chickens' resistance to enteric pathogens is to systematically characterise the gene expression of individual gut microbiota members colonising the chicken caecum.

Contact with adult hens affects the composition of skin and respiratory tract microbiota in newly hatched chicks.

Chickens in commercial production are hatched in hatcheries without any contact with their parents and colonization of their skin and respiratory tract is therefore dependent on environmental sources only. However, since chickens evolved to be hatched in nests, in this study we evaluated the importance of contact between hens and chicks for the development of chicken skin and tracheal microbiota. Sequencing of PCR amplified V3/V4 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene showed that contact with adult hens decreased the abundance of E.

Cytokine expression by CD163+ monocytes in healthy and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs.

Distinct monocyte subpopulations have been previously described in healthy pigs and pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP). The CD163+ subpopulation of bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood (PB) and lung monocytes was found to play an important role in the inflammatory process. The inflammation is accompanied by elevation of inflammatory cytokines.

Host Species Adaptation of Obligate Gut Anaerobes Is Dependent on Their Environmental Survival.

The gut microbiota of warm-blooded vertebrates consists of bacterial species belonging to two main phyla; Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. However, does it mean that the same bacterial species are found in humans and chickens? Here we show that the ability to survive in an aerobic environment is central for host species adaptation. Known bacterial species commonly found in humans, pigs, chickens and Antarctic gentoo penguins are those capable of extended survival under aerobic conditions, i.

Detoxification, Hydrogen Sulphide Metabolism and Wound Healing Are the Main Functions That Differentiate Caecum Protein Expression from Ileum of Week-Old Chicken.

Sections of chicken gut differ in many aspects, e.g., the passage of digesta (continuous vs.

Repertoire analysis of γδ T cells in the chicken enables functional annotation of the genomic region revealing highly variable pan-tissue TCR gamma V gene usage as well as identifying public and private repertoires.

Background: Despite increasing interest in γδ T cells and their non-classical behaviour, most studies focus on animals with low numbers of circulating γδ T cells, such as mice and humans. Arguably, γδ T cell functions might be more prominent in chickens where these cells form a higher proportion of the circulatory T cell compartment. The TCR repertoire defines different subsets of γδ T cells, and such analysis is facilitated by well-annotated TCR loci.

Eggshell and Feed Microbiota Do Not Represent Major Sources of Gut Anaerobes for Chickens in Commercial Production.

In this study, we addressed the origin of chicken gut microbiota in commercial production by a comparison of eggshell and feed microbiota with caecal microbiota of 7-day-old chickens, using microbiota analysis by 16S rRNA sequencing. In addition, we tested at which timepoint during prenatal or neonatal development it is possible to successfully administer probiotics. We found that eggshell microbiota was a combination of environmental and adult hen gut microbiota but was completely different from caecal microbiota of 7-day-old chicks.

Influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on behavior and welfare in farm animals: A review.

There is increasing evidence of a pivotal role of the gut microbiota (GUT-M) in key physiological functions in vertebrates. Many studies discuss functional implications of the GUT-M not only on immunity, growth, metabolism, but also on brain development and behavior. However, while the influence of the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) on behavior is documented in rodents and humans, data on farm animals are scarce.

Gene expression in the chicken caecum is dependent on microbiota composition.

Gut microbiota is of considerable importance for each host. Despite this, germ-free animals can be obtained and raised to sexual maturity and consequences of the presence or absence of gut microbiota on gene expression of the host remain uncharacterised. In this study, we performed an unbiased study of protein expression in the caecum of germ-free and colonised chickens.

Species-specific immunity to Helicobacter suis.

Background: Helicobacter (H.) suis is mainly associated with pigs, but is also the most prevalent gastric non-H. pylori Helicobacter species found in humans.

Transient and Prolonged Response of Chicken Cecum Mucosa to Colonization with Different Gut Microbiota.

In this study we determined protein and gene expression in the caeca of newly hatched chickens inoculated with cecal contents sourced from hens of different ages. Over 250 proteins exhibited modified expression levels in response to microbiota inoculation. The most significant inductions were observed for ISG12-2, OASL, ES1, LYG2, DMBT1-L, CDD, ANGPTL6, B2M, CUZD1, IgM and Ig lambda chain.

Immune response of porcine alveolar macrophages to a concurrent infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Haemophilus parasuis in vitro.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can predispose pigs to secondary respiratory infection with bacteria such as Haemophilus parasuis. Animals infected with both pathogens develop more severe clinical disease. The immune response of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) to simultaneous infection with PRRSV and H.

The response of porcine monocyte derived macrophages and dendritic cells to Salmonella Typhimurium and lipopolysaccharide.

Background: Following infection and initial multiplication in the gut lumen, Salmonella Typhimurium crosses the intestinal epithelial barrier and comes into contact with cells of the host immune system. Mononuclear phagocytes which comprise macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) are of key importance for the outcome of Salmonella infection. Although macrophages and DC may differentiate from a common precursor, their capacities to process and present antigen differ significantly.

Efficacy of magnetic capture in comparison with conventional DNA isolation in a survey of Toxoplasma gondii in wild house mice.

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite with a world-wide distribution. House mice (Mus musculus) play an important role as a reservoir host in the parasite life cycle. However, their detection in mouse brain is limited because the host potentially harbours only a few tissue cysts.

Quantification of Toxoplasma gondii in tissue samples of experimentally infected goats by magnetic capture and real-time PCR.

Undercooked meat containing tissue cysts is one of the most common sources of Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans. Goats are very susceptible to clinical toxoplasmosis, and especially kids are common food animals, thereby representing a risk for human infection. A sequence-specific magnetic capture method was used for isolation of T.

The local immune response of mice after Helicobacter suis infection: strain differences and distinction with Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter (H.) suis colonizes the stomach of pigs and is the most prevalent gastric non-H. pylori Helicobacter species in humans.

Characterization of chicken spleen transcriptome after infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis.

In this study we were interested in identification of new markers of chicken response to Salmonella Enteritidis infection. To reach this aim, gene expression in the spleens of naive chickens and those intravenously infected with S. Enteritidis with or without previous oral vaccination was determined by 454 pyrosequencing of splenic mRNA/cDNA.

Phenotypic characterisation of the monocyte subpopulations in healthy adult pigs and Salmonella-infected piglets by seven-colour flow cytometry.

The present study describes the distinct bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) monocyte subpopulations detected by seven-colour flow cytometry. Mononuclear phagocytes were identified as viable CD172a(+) SWC8(-) CD203a(-) mononuclear leukocytes. After that, monocyte subpopulations were differentiated by using CD14, CD163 and SLA-DR markers.

Impact of maternally-derived antibodies against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium on the bacterial load in suckling piglets.

The significance of maternal immunity against non-typhoid Salmonella spp. acquired by piglets via colostrum and milk was evaluated in a Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium challenge experiment. Piglets from sows vaccinated with an experimental inactivated vaccine exhibited high levels of serum immunoglobulins G and A against S.

SPI-1 encoded genes of Salmonella Typhimurium influence differential polarization of porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro.

Background: Within the last decade, macrophages have been shown to be capable of differentiating toward a classically activated phenotype (M1) with a high antimicrobial potential or an alternatively activated phenotype (M2). Some pathogens are capable of interfering with differentiation in order to down-regulate the anti-microbial activity and enhance their survival in the host.

Results: To test this ability in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, we infected porcine alveolar macrophages with wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium and its isogenic mutants devoid of two major pathogenicity islands, SPI-1 and SPI-2.

Interaction of porcine neutrophils with different strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most important causes of post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. Whilst serotype O149:F4 is frequently associated with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, other serotypes have been found to be associated with mild or moderate enteritis. As neutrophils are recruited to sites of inflammation, the aim of this study was to ascertain whether or not there is any difference in the in vitro interaction between neutrophils and two different ETEC serotypes: O149:F4 and O147:F18.