Small-scale spontaneous dynamics in temperate beech stands as an importance driver for beetle species richness.

Natural dynamics in forests play an important role in the lives of many species. In the landscape of managed forests, natural disturbances are reduced by management activities. This usually has a significant effect on insect diversity.

Magnetic mapping of distribution of wood ash used for fertilization of forest soil.

The effect of wood-ash fertilization on forest soils has been assessed mainly through geochemical methods (e.g., content of soil organic matter or nutrients).