Vitamin D intake and risk of type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Vitamin D is suggested to have protective effects against type 1 diabetes. However, the results from observational studies have been inconsistent. We aimed to examine their association by conducting a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Design, synthesis, and antiviral evaluation of some polyhalogenated indole C-nucleosides.

2,5, 6-Trichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (TCRB), 2-bromo-5, 6-dichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (BDCRB) and 2-benzylthio-5,6-dichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (BTDCRB) are benzimidazole nucleosides that exhibit strong and selective anti-HCMV activity. Polyhalogenated indole C-nucleosides were prepared as 1-deaza analogs of the benzimidazole nucleosides TCRB and BDCRB. A mild Knoevenagel coupling reaction between an indol-2-thione and a ribofuranose derivative was developed for the synthesis of 2-benzylthio-5, 6-dichloro-3-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)indole (12).

Synthesis and antiviral activity of 3-formyl- and 3-cyano-2,5,6-trichloroindole nucleoside derivatives.

A series of trichlorinated indole nucleosides has been synthesized and tested for activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and for cytotoxicity. The previously reported 3-formyl-2,5,6-trichloro-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)indole (FTCRI) and its 3-cyano homologue (CTCRI) were chemically modified at the 3-position. The formation of hydrazones and oximes of FTCRI was accomplished by a dehydrative addition of the appropriate hydrazine or hydroxylamine derivatives, respectively.

Design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of certain 3-substituted 2,5,6-trichloroindole nucleosides.

A series of trichlorinated indole nucleosides has been synthesized and tested for activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and for cytotoxicity. Modifications of the previously reported 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)indole at the 3-position of the heterocycle were designed in part to test our hypothesis that hydrogen bonding is required at that position for antiviral activity. Analogues were synthesized using electrophilic addition at the 3-position or by synthesis of modified indole heterocycles followed by glycosylation and modification of the sugar.

Convergent synthesis of polyhalogenated quinoline C-nucleosides as potential antiviral agents.

2,5,6-Trichloro-1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (TCRB) and 2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (BDCRB) are benzimidazole nucleosides that exhibit strong and selective anti-HCMV activity. We proposed to synthesize 2-halo-6,7-dichloro-4-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)quinolines as 6 + 6 bicyclic analogues of TCRB. The synthesis used Wittig reactions in two key steps.