Neural Sequences Underlying Directed Turning in .

Complex behaviors like navigation rely on sequenced motor outputs that combine to generate effective movement. The brain-wide organization of the circuits that integrate sensory signals to select and execute appropriate motor sequences is not well understood. Here, we characterize the architecture of neural circuits that control olfactory navigation.

A single neuron in C. elegans orchestrates multiple motor outputs through parallel modes of transmission.

Animals generate a wide range of highly coordinated motor outputs, which allows them to execute purposeful behaviors. Individual neurons in the circuits that generate behaviors have a remarkable capacity for flexibility as they exhibit multiple axonal projections, transmitter systems, and modes of neural activity. How these multi-functional properties of neurons enable the generation of adaptive behaviors remains unknown.

Fluorosulfonylvinylation of Unactivated C(sp)-H via Electron Donor-Acceptor Photoactivation.

An electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex photoactivation strategy for radical fluorosulfonylation is disclosed for the first time. Simply upon blue light irradiation, the FSO radical can be generated efficiently under catalyst-free, base-free, and additive-free conditions, which enables facile access to 6-keto alkenylsulfonyl fluorides from readily available propargyl alcohols and FSOCl. The 6-keto alkenylsulfonyl fluoride motif has been showcased as a versatile SuFEx hub with diverse follow-up derivatizations.

A single neuron in orchestrates multiple motor outputs through parallel modes of transmission.

Animals generate a wide range of highly coordinated motor outputs, which allows them to execute purposeful behaviors. Individual neuron classes in the circuits that generate behavior have a remarkable capacity for flexibility, as they exhibit multiple axonal projections, transmitter systems, and modes of neural activity. How these multi-functional properties of neurons enable the generation of highly coordinated behaviors remains unknown.

Cu-catalyzed coupling of indanone oxime acetates with thiols to 2,3-difunctionalized indenones.

A Cu-catalyzed coupling reaction of indanone oxime acetates with thiols has been developed for the synthesis of 2,3-functionalized 1-indenones. This protocol has several features including easy mild reaction conditions, stabilized enamine products, good tolerance of functional groups, and no external oxidants. This reaction enables direct derivatization on the indanone ring to provide valuable functionalized indenones at room temperature.

Electrochemically Enabled Sulfonylation of Alkynes with Sodium Sulfinates.

An electrochemical sulfonylation of alkynes with sodium sulfinates was achieved for the first time at room temperature. Employing this electrolysis strategy, the reaction occurs efficiently under transition-metal-free, external oxidant-free, and base-free conditions and furnishes diverse alkynyl sulfones in satisfactory yield with broad functional group tolerance.

Sulfoxide Reduction/C(sp)-S Metathesis Cascade in Ionic Liquid.

A sulfoxide reduction/C-S bond metathesis cascade between sulfoxides and alkyl bromides has been developed to access high-value sulfides without the use of any catalysts or bases. In this cascade, classical Kornblum oxidation is employed to reduce sulfoxides with alkyl bromides in ionic liquid. This protocol features high functional tolerance, mild conditions, promising scalability, and sustainable solvents.

Synthesis of Spiroisoxazolines via an Oximation/Dearomatization Cascade under Air.

A catalytic, transition-metal-free synthesis of spiroisoxazolines is outlined. This protocol provides, for the first time, a direct access to spiroisoxazolines from aryl (thio)ethers or (thio)phenols in one synthetic step via an oximation/dearomatization cascade. In this reaction, sodium nitrite plays dual roles: as a hydroxylamine source and also a precatalyst to promote the aerobic dearomatization.

Electrochemical Oxidative Oxydihalogenation of Alkynes for the Synthesis of α,α-Dihaloketones.

An electrochemical oxydihalogenation of alkynes has been developed for the first time. Using this sustainable protocol, a variety of α,α-dihaloketones can be prepared with readily available CHCl, CHCl, ClCHCHCl, and CHBr as the halogen source under electrochemical conditions at room temperature.

Synthesis of polysubstituted cyclic 1,2-diketones enabled by iterative sulfoxide-mediated arylation.

A metal-free α-C-H functionalization of cyclic 1,2-diketones with aryl sulfoxides has been developed. This regioselective arylation involves nucleophilic substitution at the activated sulfoxide with a diosphenol, followed by [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. This protocol can also be applied to the synthesis of polysubstituted cyclic 1,2-diketones with predictable structures by iterative arylations.

Metal-Free Cyclopropanol Ring-Opening C(sp)-C(sp) Cross-Couplings with Aryl Sulfoxides.

A metal-free method for formal β-arylation/heteroarylation of ketones through efficient cyclopropanol ring-opening cross-couplings with aryl sulfoxides at room temperature has been developed. This protocol shows a broad substrate scope and promising scalability. In addition, the utility of the β-arylated ketones is further demonstrated through a variety of postcoupling transformations and synthetic applications.

Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Grafted with Epoxidized Soybean Oil Aerogels for Oil-Absorbing Materials.

The absorbent materials synthesized from biosources with low cost and high selectivity for oils and organic solvents have attracted increasing attention in the field of oil spillage and discharge of organic chemicals. We developed a convenient surface-grafting method to prepare efficient and recyclable biobased aerogels from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO)-modified cellulose at room temperature. The porous network-like structure of the cellulose aerogel was still fully retained after undergoing hydrophobic modification with ESO.

Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation of Furfural to 2-Methylfuran and 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran over Bimetallic Copper-Palladium Catalysts.

The catalytic transfer hydrogenation of furfural to the fuel additives 2-methylfuran (2-MF) and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF) was investigated over various bimetallic catalysts in the presence of the hydrogen donor 2-propanol. Of all the as-prepared catalysts, bimetallic Cu-Pd catalysts showed the highest catalytic activities towards the formation of 2-MF and 2-MTHF with a total yield of up to 83.9 % yield at 220 °C in 4 h.