Control of STIM and Orai function by post-translational modifications.

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca sensors stromal interaction molecules (STIM1 and STIM2) and the plasma membrane Orai (Orai1, Orai2, Orai3) Ca channels. Although primarily regulated by ER Ca content, there have been numerous studies over the last 15 years demonstrating that all 5 proteins are also regulated through post-translational modification (PTM). Focusing primarily on phosphorylation, glycosylation and redox modification, this review focuses on how PTMs modulate the key events in SOCE; Ca sensing, STIM translocation, Orai interaction and/or Orai1 activation.