Lot-sizing and pricing decisions for perishable products under three-echelon supply chains when demand depends on price and stock-age.

In economics, a demand curve is almost always downward-sloping, reflecting the willingness of consumers to purchase more of the commodity at lower price levels. In addition, the demand for seasonal products (such as fashion apparels, beverages etc.) or perishable goods (such as meat and seafood, dairy products, fruit and vegetables, pharmaceutical products, and chemicals) decreases over time.

Optimal selling price, replenishment cycle and payment time among advance, cash, and credit payments from the seller's perspective.

Although research on pricing and lot-sizing decisions concerning payment types has been extensive, almost all of it has been done from the buyer's perspective. In this study, we incorporate the following relevant and essential facts. If a seller allows a buyer to pay on credit, it increases sales volume.