3D Culture System for Human Adrenal Glands That Uses a Sequential Processing Medium to Facilitate Cortical-Medullary Cell Development.

Background: The human adrenal gland is composed of the cortex and the medulla, which contain different function cells. The aim of this study was to build a 3D culture system for human adrenal glands.

Methods: Human fetal adrenal tissues were digested into a cell suspension culture and processed in three-phase 3D cultures.

The nematode effector Mj-NEROSs interacts with Rieske's iron-sulfur protein influencing plastid ROS production to suppress plant immunity.

Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne species) are plant pathogens that introduce several effectors in their hosts to facilitate infection. The actual targets and functioning mechanism of these effectors largely remain unexplored. This study illuminates the role and interplay of the Meloidogyne javanica nematode effector ROS suppressor (Mj-NEROSs) within the host plant environment.

A effector BxICD1 inducing plant cell death, concurrently contributes to nematode virulence and migration.

The migratory endoparasitic phytonematodes is the causal agent of pine wilt disease and causes significant economic damage to pine forests in China. Effectors play a key role in the successful parasitism of plants by phytonematodes. In this study, 210 genes obtained by transcriptomics analyses were found to be upregulated in infecting that were not functionally annotated nor reported previously in infecting Among these differentially expressed genes, a novel effector, BxICD1, that could induce cell death in the extracellular space of was identified.

Transcriptome Analysis of and the Role of a C-Type Lectin in Parasitism.

is one of the most widespread and economically important sedentary endoparasites. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis of between pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles (Pre-J2) and parasitic juveniles (Par-J3/J4) was conducted. A total of 48,698 unigenes were obtained, of which 18,826 genes showed significant differences in expression ( < 0.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals sexual diversity in the human bladder and its prospective impacts on bladder cancer and urinary tract infection.

Background: Some bladder-related diseases, such as bladder urinary tract infection (UTI) and bladder cancer (BCa), have significant six differences in incidence and prognosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these sex differences are still not fully understood. Understanding the sex-biased differences in gene expression in normal bladder cells can help resolve these problems.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the susceptibility gene in rice confers enhanced resistance to rice root-knot nematode.

CRISPR crops carrying a mutation in susceptibility () genes provide an effective strategy for controlling plant disease, because they could be 'transgene-free' and commonly have more broad-spectrum and durable type of resistance. Despite their importance, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of genes for engineering resistance to plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) disease has not been reported. In this study, we employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to specifically induce targeted mutagenesis of the gene rice copper metallochaperone heavy metal-associated plant protein 04 (), and successfully obtained genetically stable homozygous rice mutants with or without transgenic elements.

Single-Cell RNAseq Resolve the Potential Effects of Gene in the Mouse Testis.

Infertility affects lots of couples, half of which are caused by male factors. The gene is highly expressed in testis specifically, which might affect the development of sperms. In order to understand the potential functions of the gene in the testis, this study was conducted with constructed transgenic LanCL1 knockout mice.

A spatiotemporal steroidogenic regulatory network in human fetal adrenal glands and gonads.

Human fetal adrenal glands produce substantial amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is one of the most important precursors of sex hormones. However, the underlying biological mechanism remains largely unknown. Herein, we sequenced human fetal adrenal glands and gonads from 7 to 14 gestational weeks (GW) 10× Genomics single-cell transcriptome techniques, reconstructed their location information by spatial transcriptomics.

Corrigendum: Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the complexity of the tumor microenvironment of treatment-naive osteosarcoma.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.

A nematode effector inhibits plant immunity by preventing cytosolic free Ca rise.

The Meloidogyne enterolobii effector MeTCTP is a member of the translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) family, involved in M. enterolobii parasitism. In this study, we found that MeTCTP forms homodimers and, in this form, binds calcium ions (Ca ).

Single-cell transcriptomics reveals cell type diversity of human prostate.

Extensive studies have been performed to describe the phenotypic changes occurring during malignant transformation of the prostate. However, the cell types and associated changes that contribute to the development of prostate diseases and cancer remain elusive, largely due to the heterogeneous composition of prostatic tissues. Here, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of four human prostate tissues by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze their cellular compositions.

Carcinogenic effect of adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) in prostate cancer development and progression through the cell cycle pathway.

Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is still a serious male malignant disease across the world. However, no exact pathogenesis had been explained. Although adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) gene was identified to be important in PCa early in 1987, its comprehensive functions for PCa have not been presented.

A new aphelench nematode, n. sp. (Aphelenchoididae: Tylaphelenchinae) from in China.

n. sp. was isolated from masson pine () in Guangdong province, China.

Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals the Complexity of the Tumor Microenvironment of Treatment-Naive Osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma (OS), which occurs most commonly in adolescents, is associated with a high degree of malignancy and poor prognosis. In order to develop an accurate treatment for OS, a deeper understanding of its complex tumor microenvironment (TME) is required. In the present study, tissues were isolated from six patients with OS, and then subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) using a 10× Genomics platform.

The Meloidogyne javanica effector Mj2G02 interferes with jasmonic acid signalling to suppress cell death and promote parasitism in Arabidopsis.

Plant-parasitic nematodes can cause devastating damage to crops. These nematodes secrete effectors that suppress the host immune responses to enhance their survival. In this study, Mj2G02, an effector from Meloidogyne javanica, is described.

The Meloidogyne graminicola effector MgMO289 targets a novel copper metallochaperone to suppress immunity in rice.

Recent studies have reported that plant-parasitic nematodes facilitate their infection by suppressing plant immunity via effectors, but the inhibitory mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study found that a novel effector MgMO289 is exclusively expressed in the dorsal esophageal gland of Meloidogyne graminicola and is up-regulated at parasitic third-/fourth-stage juveniles. In planta silencing of MgMO289 substantially increased plant resistance to M.

Single-cell transcriptomes reveal characteristic features of cell types within the human adrenal microenvironment.

Various cells within the adrenal microenvironment are important in maintaining the body homeostasis. However, our understanding of adrenal disease pathogenesis is limited by an incomplete molecular characterization of the cell types responsible for the organ's multiple homeostatic functions. We report a cellular landscape of the human adrenal gland using single-cell RNA sequencing.

A Pectate Lyase Is Involved in Virulence and Activation of Host Defense Responses.

Plant-parasitic nematodes secrete an array of cell-wall-degrading enzymes to overcome the physical barrier formed by the plant cell wall. Here, we describe a novel pectate lyase gene from . Quantitative real-time PCR assay showed that the highest transcriptional expression level of occurred in pre-parasitic second-stage juveniles, and it was still detected during the early parasitic stage.

A proposal of Zhuo, Li, Li, Yu & Liao, 2007 as a junior synonyms of Gu, Braasch, Burgermeister, Brandstetter & Zhang, 2006.

was first reported in China, and later found in Japan and Korea. It is characterized by a relatively slim body (a = 42 and 57 for females and males, respectively). The excretory pore is located at level of median bulb, the lateral field has three lines, and a small vulval flap is present.

The Endogenous Alterations of the Gut Microbiota and Feces Metabolites Alleviate Oxidative Damage in the Brain of LanCL1 Knockout Mice.

Altered composition of the gut microbiota has been observed in many neurodegenerative diseases. LanCL1 has been proven to protect neurons and reduce oxidative stress. The present study was designed to investigate alterations of the gut microbiota in LanCL1 knockout mice and to study the interactions between gut bacteria and the brain.

Molecular Characterization of an Emerging Root-Knot Nematode in North Carolina, USA.

An emerging threat to agriculture, Yang & Eisenback, 1983, is a tropical species and considered to be the most damaging root-knot nematode (RKN) in the world because of its wide host range, aggressiveness, and ability to overcome resistance to RKN in many crops. It was first detected in the United States on ornamental plants in Florida in 2001 but has since been identified in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Louisiana. Several thousand RKN populations were collected from North Carolina field crops, ornamental plants, and turfgrasses for species identification in the Nematode Assay Laboratory in the North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services.

Single-cell profiling reveals sex diversity in human renal proximal tubules.

Many anatomical regions in the kidney, including proximal tubules, differ between males and females. While such differences in renal structures and functions under various physiological and pharmacological conditions have been identified, information relating to molecular mechanisms behind this gender disparity remain unknown. To understand gene expression differences in proximal tubules from human male and female kidneys, we reported on kidney cellular landscape using single-cell RNA sequencing.

Role of Protein Glycosylation in Host-Pathogen Interaction.

Host-pathogen interactions are fundamental to our understanding of infectious diseases. Protein glycosylation is one kind of common post-translational modification, forming glycoproteins and modulating numerous important biological processes. It also occurs in host-pathogen interaction, affecting host resistance or pathogen virulence often because glycans regulate protein conformation, activity, and stability, etc.

FTO Facilitates Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Progression by Activating Cell Migration Through mRNA Demethylation.

Background: The fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) was identified as a critical demethylase involved in regulating cellular mRNA stability by removing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) residues from mRNA. Emerging evidence has revealed that FTO is deeply implicated in lung cancer. However, knowledge of the function of FTO in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAC) is limited.

Single-cell RNA sequencing of human kidney.

A comprehensive cellular anatomy of normal human kidney is crucial to address the cellular origins of renal disease and renal cancer. Some kidney diseases may be cell type-specific, especially renal tubular cells. To investigate the classification and transcriptomic information of the human kidney, we rapidly obtained a single-cell suspension of the kidney and conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq).