Cyclin G2 in macrophages triggers CTL-mediated antitumor immunity and antiangiogenesis via interferon-gamma.

Background: IFN-γ is a key mediator of tumor immunity that can induce macrophage polarization to suppress tumor growth. Cyclin G2 functions as a tumor suppressor in various cancer cells; however, its role in macrophages remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of cyclin G2 in macrophages in vitro and in vivo.

Plant autoimmunity-fresh insights into an old phenomenon.

The plant immune system is well equipped to ward off the attacks of different types of phytopathogens. It primarily relies on two types of immune sensors-plasma membrane-resident receptor-like kinases and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLRs) receptors that engage preferentially in pattern- and effector-triggered immunity, respectively. Delicate fine-tuning, in particular of the NLR-governed branch of immunity, is key to prevent inappropriate and deleterious activation of plant immune responses.

Highly efficient genome editing in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae through repurposing the endogenous type I-C CRISPR-Cas system.

Efficient and modular genome editing technologies that manipulate the genome of bacterial pathogens will facilitate the study of pathogenesis mechanisms. However, such methods are yet to be established for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of rice bacterial blight.

Cyclin G2 reverses immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and potentiates PD-1 blockade in glioma.

Background: Expression of aberrant cyclin G2 is a key factor contributing to cancer biological processes, including glioma. However, the potential underlying mechanisms of cyclin G2 in the glioma tumor immune microenvironment remain unclear.

Methods: Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA), and in vitro kinase assay were conducted to reveal the underlying mechanism by which cyclin G2 regulates Y10 phosphorylation of LDHA.

Cyclin G2 promotes the formation of smooth muscle cells derived foam cells in atherosclerosis via PP2A/NF-κB/LOX-1 pathway.

Background: To investigate the role and underlying mechanism of cyclin G2 (G2-type cyclin) in the formation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) derived foam cells.

Methods: The levels of α-SMA (alpha-SM-actin), p-NF-κB (phosphorylation nuclear transcription factors kappa B), and LOX-1 (lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1) were measured by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. The mouse aortic root smooth muscle cell line MOVAS was transfected to over-express cyclin G2, which were then stimulated with 80 µg/mL ox-LDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein) to induce foam cell formation.

Cyclin G2 Inhibits Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Growth and Metastasis by Binding to IGFBP3 and Regulating the FAK-SRC-STAT Signaling Pathway.

The cell cycle protein cyclin G2 is considered a tumor suppressor. However, its regulatory effects and potential mechanisms in oral cancers are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cyclin G2 on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Cyclin G2 upregulation impairs migration, invasion, and network formation through RNF123/Dvl2/JNK signaling in the trophoblast cell line HTR8/SVneo, a possible role in preeclampsia.

Disruption of extravillous trophoblast (EVT) migration and invasion is considered to be responsible for pathological placentation in preeclampsia (PE). Cyclin G2 (CCNG2) is an atypical cyclin that inhibits cell cycle progression. However, its biological function and underlying molecular mechanism in PE are poorly understood.

Cyclin G2 Is Involved in the Proliferation of Placental Trophoblast Cells and Their Interactions with Endothelial Cells.

BACKGROUND Remodeling of maternal spiral arteries after embryo implantation relies on well-regulated trophoblast functions. Although cyclin G2 (CCNG2) is thought to be involved in placental development and function, its role in trophoblasts and the mechanisms underlying placental development and function remain unclear. The present study investigated the potential role of CCNG2 in trophoblast cell proliferation and their interactions with endothelial cells.

Cyclin G2 regulates canonical Wnt signalling via interaction with Dapper1 to attenuate tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy.

Cyclin G2 (CCNG2) is an atypical cyclin that inhibits cell cycle progression and is often dysregulated in human cancers. Cyclin G2 in the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy (DN), one of the most severe diabetic complications, has not been fully identified. In this study, we investigated the function and regulatory mechanism of cyclin G2 in DN.

To control or to be controlled? Dual roles of CDK2 in DNA damage and DNA damage response.

CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2), a member of the CDK family, has been shown to play a role in many cellular activities including cell cycle progression, apoptosis and senescence. Recently, accumulating evidence indicates that CDK2 is involved in DNA damage and DNA repair response (DDR). When DNA is damaged by internal or external genotoxic stresses, CDK2 activity is required for proper DNA repair in vivo and in vitro, whereas inactivation of CDK2 by siRNA techniques or by inhibitors could result in DNA damage and stimulate DDR.

Corrigendum to "Cyclin G2 Suppresses Glomerulosclerosis by Regulating Canonical Wnt Signalling".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2018/6938482.].

Cyclin G2 Inhibits the Warburg Effect and Tumour Progression by Suppressing LDHA Phosphorylation in Glioma.

Cyclin G2 has been identified as a tumour suppressor in several cancers. However, its regulatory roles and underlying mechanisms in tumours are still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that cyclin G2 was expressed at low levels in glioma, which was as a poor prognostic factor for this disease.

Cyclin G2 suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling and inhibits gastric cancer cell growth and migration through Dapper1.

Background: Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors. Cyclin G2 has been shown to be associated with the development of multiple types of tumors, but its underlying mechanisms in gastric tumors is not well-understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the role and the underlying mechanisms of cyclin G2 on Wnt/β-catenin signaling in gastric cancer.

Structure and Function of the Photosystem Supercomplexes.

Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy to sustain all life on earth by providing oxygen and food, and controlling the atmospheric carbon dioxide. During this process, the water-splitting and oxygen-evolving reaction is catalyzed by photosystem II (PSII), while photosystem I (PSI) generates the reducing power for the reduction of NADP to NADPH. Together with their peripheral light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), photosystems function as multisubunit supercomplexes located in the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria, algae, and plants.

Direct and tunable modulation of protein levels in rice and wheat with a synthetic small molecule.

Direct control of protein level enables rapid and efficient analyses of gene functions in crops. Previously, we developed the RDDK-Shield1 (Shld1) system in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana for direct modulation of protein stabilization using a synthetic small molecule. However, it was unclear whether this system is applicable to economically important crops.

MYB75 Phosphorylation by MPK4 Is Required for Light-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Arabidopsis.

Light is a major environmental cue affecting various physiological and metabolic processes in plants. Although plant photoreceptors are well characterized, the mechanisms by which light regulates downstream responses are less clear. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the accumulation of photoprotective anthocyanin pigments is light dependent, and the R2R3 MYB transcription factor MYB75/PAP1 regulates anthocyanin accumulation.

Cyclin G2 suppresses estrogen-mediated osteogenesis through inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Estrogen plays an important role in the maintenance of bone formation, and deficiency in the production of estrogen is directly linked to postmenopausal osteoporosis. To date, the underlying mechanisms of estrogen-mediated osteogenic differentiation are not well understood. In this study, a pluripotent mesenchymal precursor cell line C2C12 was used to induce osteogenic differentiation and subjected to detection of gene expressions or to manipulation of cyclin G2 expressions.

Overexpression of DOC-1R inhibits cell cycle G1/S transition by repressing CDK2 expression and activation.

DOC-1R (deleted in oral cancer-1 related) is a novel putative tumor suppressor. This study investigated DOC-1R antitumor activity and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Cell phenotypes were assessed using flow cytometry, BrdU incorporation and CDK2 kinase assays in DOC-1R overexpressing HeLa cells.

Perilipin1 promotes unilocular lipid droplet formation through the activation of Fsp27 in adipocytes.

Mature white adipocytes contain a characteristic unilocular lipid droplet. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying unilocular lipid droplet formation are poorly understood. We previously showed that Fsp27, an adipocyte-specific lipid droplet-associated protein, promotes lipid droplet growth by initiating lipid exchange and transfer.

Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the CIDE-N domain of Fsp27.

Fsp27, a member of the CIDE protein family which is selectively expressed in adipocytes, has emerged as a novel regulator for unilocular lipid droplet (LD) formation, lipid metabolism, differentiation of adipocytes and insulin sensitivity. An LD is a subcellular compartment that is used by adipocytes for the efficient storage of fats. The CIDE-N domain of Fsp27 functions as a recruitment platform that induces the correct configuration of the Fsp27 CIDE-C domain to facilitate LD fusion.

Characterisation of human RING finger protein TRIM69, a novel testis E3 ubiquitin ligase and its subcellular localisation.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and subcellular localisation of human TRIM69 (hTRIM69) gene were studied. It was found that hTRIM69 mediated ubiquitination in an E2 conjugating enzyme selective fashion in vitro and an intact RING finger domain was indispensible for the process. Further evidences showed that hTRIM69 could mediate ubiquitination in vivo, which could be enhanced by a proteasome inhibitor.

Purification and crystallization of the ABC-type transport substrate-binding protein OppA from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis.

Di- and oligopeptide- binding protein OppAs play important roles in solute and nutrient uptake, sporulation, biofilm formation, cell wall muropeptides recycling, peptide-dependent quorum-sensing responses, adherence to host cells, and a variety of other biological processes. Soluble OppA from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis was expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein was found to be >95% pure with SDS-PAGE after a series of purification steps and the purity was further verified by mass spectrometry.

When MAGE meets RING: insights into biological functions of MAGE proteins.

The melanoma antigen (MAGE) family proteins are well known as tumor-specific antigens and comprise more than 60 genes, which share a conserved MAGE homology domain (MHD). Type I MAGEs are highly expressed cancer antigens, and they play an important role in tumorigenesis and cancer cell survival. Recently, several MAGE proteins were identified to interact with RING domain proteins, including a sub-family of E3 ubiquitin ligases.

MAGE-RING protein complexes comprise a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases.

The melanoma antigen (MAGE) family consists of more than 60 genes, many of which are cancer-testis antigens that are highly expressed in cancer and play a critical role in tumorigenesis. However, the biochemical and cellular functions of this enigmatic family of proteins have remained elusive. Here, we identify really interesting new gene (RING) domain proteins as binding partners for MAGE family proteins.