Analysis of Tumor Proliferation Markers in Early-Stage Luminal Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Study Using Mitotic Activity Index, Ki-67, and Phosphohistone H3 Expression.

Routinely used proliferation markers such as mitotic activity index (MAI) and Ki-67 index show limited reproducibility due to high interobserver variability in breast cancer assessment. Phosphohistone H3 (PhH3), a novel proliferation marker, is gaining attention in breast cancer research. This study aimed to evaluate the inter-rater agreement among MAI, Ki-67, and PhH3 expressions in early-stage luminal breast cancer and assess the impact of replacing MAI with PhH3 index on tumor histological grading.

Post-mortem utility of Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) and Calcium Binding Protein B (S100B) for differentiating traumatic brain injury from other causes of death.

In forensic pathology, identifying causes of death in traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) devoid of observable signs presents a significant challenge. Post-mortem biochemistry plays a crucial role in forensic medicine, particularly in determining causes of death in TBIs that lack macroscopic or histopathological evidence. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) and S100 Calcium Binding Protein B (S100B) in post-mortem serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as markers for TBI.

Nail as a Window to Diagnosing Multisystem Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Nail involvement in Langerhans cell histiocytosis is rarely reported in the literature. According to the reported cases, it is believed that the involvement of nails has a poor prognosis because of multisystem involvement. Performing a nail bed biopsy might be challenging for children.

Myeloid sarcoma: Experience from a tertiary care center in southern India - A series of eight unusual cases.

Background: Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a tumor mass comprising myeloid blasts with or without maturation occurring in any site other than bone marrow. It is a rare and distinct clinical presentation of myeloid neoplasm.

Materials And Methods: This is a retrospective study over 7 years (2015-2022) comprising a series of eight cases, which includes clinical details, morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers, cytogenetics, and molecular details.

Clinicopathologic Profile and Treatment Outcomes of Colorectal Cancer in Young Adults: A Multicenter Study From India.

Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) in young adults is a rising concern in developing countries such as India. This study investigates clinicopathologic profiles, treatment patterns, and outcomes of CRC in young adults, focusing on adolescent and young adult (AYA) CRC in a low- and middle-income country (LMIC).

Methods: A retrospective registry study from January 2018 to December 2020 involved 126 young adults (age 40 years and younger) with CRC.

Blastoid Variant of Mantle Cell Lymphoma with Extranodal Presentation and Aberrant CD10 Expression.

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) constitutes 3%-10% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is characterized by (11:14)(q13;q32). The common presentation is generalized lymphadenopathy with weight loss, infrequently night sweats, and fever. Among histological subtypes of MCL, the blastoid variant of MCL constitutes 10%-15% of all the cases.

Algorithmic approach utilizing histology and immunohistochemistry for the current classification of diffuse glioma.

Introduction: Diffuse glioma constitutes 28% of primary brain tumors. Until recently morphologic appearance was the only criterion for classifying these tumors. However, WHO 2016 incorporates molecular information in the primary diagnosis of gliomas such as Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), Alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X inked (ATRX) as well as 1p/19q codeletion on FISH.

Diagnostic challenges in cerebral tuberculoma presenting with seizures in pregnancy.

Tuberculoma is an uncommon presentation of tuberculosis and is found in regions with a high prevalence of tuberculosis. This is rarely diagnosed during pregnancy. The presentation can mimic other etiologies such as eclampsia or cerebral venous sinus thrombosis so the diagnosis can be challenging, particularly when presenting with seizures in pregnancy.

CSF Involvement by Nonhematolymphoid Malignancies: A Descriptive Study with Emphasis on Cytomorphological Clues.

Introduction: Detection of malignant cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in suspected cases of malignancy is critical for the management of patients. CSF involvement by nonhaematolymphoid malignancies is less common. We aimed to study the cytomorphologic characteristics of various nonhaematolymphoid malignancies in CSF.

Concomitant Diagnosis of Plasmablastic Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Rare Phenomenon.

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare, aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma which shows blastic morphology and an immunophenotype of plasma cell differentiation while chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma is an indolent B-cell lymphoma and has a variable clinical course. A CLL transforming into a PBL and the coexistence of CLL with PBL are both extremely rare findings. We report an unusual case of a 72-year-old HIV-negative male who presented with a gingival swelling which was diagnosed as PBL with simultaneous CLL in the blood and bone marrow.

Metastatic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. A diagnostic surprise.

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs) are rare soft tissue tumors that arise from pre-existing plexiform neurofibromas or within a normal peripheral nerve. They are aggressive tumors with high rates of recurrence and distant metastases, the most common sites of metastasis being the lung followed by bone. A 46 year old gentleman presented with breathlessness and chest pain three years after post amputation of left thumb for an ulcerative growth.

Performance of HScore in Reactive Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life threatening systemic hyperinflammatory disorder that leads to multiple organ damage. The most widely used diagnostic guidelines are the HLH 2004 guidelines proposed by the Histiocyte society. Recently, Fardet et al.

Descriptive study of the histopathological subtypes and programmed death-ligand 1 in metaplastic breast carcinoma.

Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma (MBC) is a rare heterogeneous group of tumors, the incidence of which is less than 1% of breast tumors. These are a unique set of tumors with varying subtypes, poor prognosis, and an increased chance of distant metastasis. We aimed to study the clinical, histomorphological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) features of Metaplastic Breast Carcinoma (MBC).

IgG-related lymphadenopathy masquerading as Hodgkin lymphoma: lessons from a pathologist's desk.

IgG-related disease (IgG-RD) is a systemic fibroinflammatory disorder affecting multiple organ systems. The awareness of this disease has tremendously increased over the last decade leading to effective treatment and decreased morbidity to the patients. Histopathology plays an important role in the diagnosis of IgG-RD, and definite histologic criteria are proposed in clinically suspected patients.

Subcutaneous Phaeohyphomycosis: A Clinical Mimic of Skin and Soft Tissue Neoplasms-A Descriptive Study from India.

Background: Phaeohyphomycosis is a fungal infection caused by heterogenous group of fungi known as phaeoid or dematiaceous fungi. It manifests in four clinical forms-cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic and cerebral phaeohyphomycosis. The subcutaneous form is the most common presentation.

Granulomatous Response in Intracranial Germinomas: Diagnostic Problems.

Intracranial germinomas are rare and account for <0.5% of primary intracranial tumors. In contrast to the gonadal germinomas, these do not show granulomatous response within the tumor.

Bellini Duct Carcinoma: A Rare Entity.

Bellini duct carcinoma of kidney derives from collecting duct and is associated with an aggressive course and extremely poor prognosis. Here, we report an interesting case of Collecting Duct Carcinoma (CDC) with Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) thrombus and large retroperitoneal lymph nodes and diffuse desmoplastic reaction. The patient underwent left open radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy and regional lymphadenectomy.

Emphasizing the pivotal role of fine-needle aspiration cytology in a case of recurrent malignant chondroid syringoma.

Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) features of malignant chondroid syringoma (MCS) are rarely documented. Here, we report a case of recurrent MCS, highlighting its interesting clinicopathologic features. Initially, we received cytology and histopathology slides (for review) of a 57-year-old woman who had undergone resection for an occipital MCS and later presented with recurrence.

Diagnostic issues in a case of hodgkin lymphoma with castleman like features.

Castleman disease (CD) is a benign heterogenous lymphoproliferative disorder presenting with varied clinical manifestations. Histomorphologically, two distinct variants are known, hyaline vascular type and plasma cell type. CD is reported to be associated with lymphomas.

Extranodal NK/T Cell Lymphoma of the Jejunum Complicated by Hemophagocytic Syndrome: Practical Problems Encountered by a Pathologist.

Extranodal NK/Tcell lymphomas (ENKTL) are rare, aggressive lymphomas. The most common primary site of involvement is the nasal cavity, nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses. The other sites of primary involvement are skin, gastrointestinal tract and testis.